19th 20th Centuries Research Articles

Regional Features, Patterns and Experience of the Economic Life of the City of Sevastopol in the Second Half of the 19th – early 20th Centuries

The article explores the economic growth of the city of Sevastopol during the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries, focusing on the most significant sectors of the city’s economy. The authors identify four distinct stages of development in the city during this period. The first stage, which lasted from the late 1850s to the late 1860s, was marked by a period of recession. This was due to limited budget financing and military spending, as well as the ineffectiveness of government stimulus measures. The second stage, which spanned from the early 1870s to the late 1890s, saw active recovery and economic growth. This period was marked by the lifting of restrictions on the fleet’s base in the Black Sea, the construction of the Lozovo-Sevastopol railway, and the transformation of Sevastopol into an independent territorial unit. The third stage, which lasted until 1910, was characterized by stagnation due to the closure of the commercial port and the revolutionary movement. This stagnation was evident in the slow growth of urban incomes, a decrease in foreign trade turnover, and a slow implementation of major projects. The fourth and final stage, which lasted from 1910 to 1915, saw the revival of the city’s economy. This period saw thelaunch of major urban improvement projects such as the construction of a floating sewer system, a hydropathic hospital, a coastal port in Streletskaya Bay, and the completion of a water pipeline. The study concludes that the city’s economy developed quite actively, but at the same time unevenly, due to the influence of various internal and external factors.

THE ISSUE OF EDUCATION AND UPBRINGING IN THE SPIRITUAL HERITAGE OF THE JADIDS OF TURKESTAN

This article provides an in-depth exploration of the Jadidism movement, a significant reformist and intellectual endeavor that emerged in Turkestan during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It delves into the spiritual and educational contributions of the Jadids, who sought to modernize and revitalize their society through progressive reforms. The article highlights their pioneering views on education and upbringing, emphasizing the importance of integrating contemporary knowledge and pedagogical methods with traditional cultural and religious values. Additionally, it examines the broader impact of their ideas on social transformation, the preservation of cultural identity, and the promotion of enlightenment ideals within the region.

Historical Roots of Heritage Horticulture in the Southern Coastal Plain of Israel

This study reconstructs the agricultural landscape of the southern coastal plain of late Ottoman and British Mandatory Palestine (today southwestern Israel) utilizing late 19th and early 20th century cartographic materials and aerial photographs. Immense human effort and ingenuity were required to maintain sustainable agricultural on the fringes of the desert. Given today’s increasingly severe climate crisis, the lessons drawn from these historical agricultural practices have particular resonance. The agricultural land use described in this work extended into the coastal dunes of the region where the shallow water table was exploited to create complex agricultural systems that enabled the growth of citrus trees, grapes, and other crops for export and trade. Aerial photos and maps reveal the critical aspects of this region’s neglected agricultural history. The stability and resilience of these systems, some of which are still in existence 76 years or more after they were abandoned, as seen in the survey conducted for this study, point to the importance of understanding and preserving this chapter of the region’s agricultural heritage. The unique varieties of fruit trees adapted to the local climate of the western Negev still have significant economic value and are threatened with extinction from rapid urban encroachment. The remnants of this tradition serve as historical testimony of a bygone agricultural era which was replaced by mechanized monoculture. The discussion centers on the ways n which the study of heritage agriculture in rapidly changing areas can contribute to the broader field of historical geography by reconstructing landscapes that preserve the knowledge and societal patterns of behavior of past communities for future generations.

Urban Transitions in Kraków in the 19th and Early 20th Centuries: The Inner and Outer Rings

Urban Transitions in Kraków in the 19th and Early 20th Centuries: The Inner and Outer Rings

Influence of the end vertical member length on the design of steel roof trusses

The introduction of steel into Brazilian civil construction in the late 19th and early 20th centuries marked a turning point, with domestic production gaining prominence following the establishment of the National Steel Company (Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional) in 1946. Steel’s high strength and ductility have made it indispensable for large-scale projects, offering execution efficiency and recyclability. However, its high production costs and energy consumption raise environmental concerns, as the steel industry contributes significantly to global CO2 emissions. Within this context, this study investigates the influence of the end vertical member length on steel consumption and the sizing of steel sections in roof trusses. Using the Finite Element Method (FEM) through a computational tool developed in Python, 21 simulations were performed, varying the vertical member length from 0 to 100 cm in a Howe truss with a 24-meter span and a 10% slope in the top chord. The results indicated a 52% reduction in steel mass between the extreme values, highlighting the importance of geometric adjustments to optimize material consumption. Increasing the vertical member length redistributed internal forces, enabling the use of lighter sections. These findings underscore the relevance of optimization in structural design to promote sustainable solutions, reducing resource consumption and the environmental impact of steel constructions.

Non-Invasive Raman and XRF Study of Mīnā’ī Decoration, the First Sophisticated Painted Enamels

Mīnā’ī wares, crafted during the 12th–13th centuries, represent some of the earliest examples of sophisticated painted enamel decoration by potters. Due to the thinness of these enamel layers, their detailed characterization remains challenging, even with the use of advanced techniques, such as Proton-Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) analysis and Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS). This study provides the first combined non-invasive analysis, using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and Raman spectroscopy, of five shards attributed to mīnā’ī wares. For comparison, two İznik shards from the 17th century, which feature similarly styled but thicker enamel decorations, were also analyzed. Interestingly, the mīnā’ī paste was found to contain lead and tin, suggesting the use of a lead-rich frit in its composition. This finding was confirmed through micro-destructive analysis, using Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM–EDS). Elements, such as rubidium (Rb), strontium (Sr), yttrium (Y), and zirconium (Zr), produced significant XRF signals and effectively distinguished mīnā’ī wares from İznik wares. A uniform tin-rich glaze, measuring 300–500 µm in thickness, was used as a base layer for the much thinner painted mīnā’ī enamels. The colored areas (blue, turquoise, red, green, black, white, eggplant) revealed the presence of various coloring agents and phases, such as spinels, chromite, and ions like Cu2+ and Co2+, as well as opacifiers like cassiterite and lead–calcium/potassium arsenates. Two distinct cobalt sources were identified: one associated with arsenic and the other with manganese and nickel. These cobalt sources are comparable to those used in İznik pottery. For the first time, boron was detected in the blue enamel of mīnā’ī wares.

Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH) in an Ancient Population of Dor and Its Relation to the Aetiology of MIH

Background: The prevalence of MIH in modern population is increasing during the last decades. Most of the etiology factors today are based on perinatal health disorders. In order to understand if the hypomineralization of the enamel in MIH/HSPM is a novel developmental disorder, we compared the prevalence of modern population to archeological population with a high rate of mortality of young children. Objectives: To analyze the prevalence of MIH/HSPM in ancient population of Dor, Israel (16th-19th centuries). Materials: We examined 104 skulls out of 157 skeletons excavated, which had at least one permanent and/or one primary second molars for MIH/HSPM. Methods: All skulls were examined under a white light and skulls with MIH/SPMH were photographed. The skulls with suspected MIH/SPMH underwent CT analyses. Results: Three skulls out of the 104 skulls examined showed distinct enamel developmental defects on primary or permanent molars: one with MIH, one with HSPM and one with hypoplasia of second primary molars. Conclusions: Very low percentages of MIH/HSPM were found in Dor population, in comparison with modern prevalence of MIH in Israel, almost 18% of childrens 6-16 years old. Significance: In modern Israeli population with minimal perinatal health problems the prevalence of MIH/HSPM is very high and increasing. Based on the very low prevalence of MIH/HSPM in Dor population and the poor health situation of the children, we can conclude that the proposed aetiology of hypomineralization based on health or developmental problems during early childhood in modern population is questionable. Suggestion for further research: In modern populations the research should be directed to epigenetic factors in affected families.

Interpretation of Law in the Political and Legal Thought of Western Europe during the 12th–13th Centuries

This article explores the views of two outstanding medieval thinkers, John of Salisbury and Thomas Aquinas, on law (its types, functions, and purpose). Their intellectual reflections were based on the theoretical political knowledge and historical context of the time and played a key role in the development of “scientia politica” during the 12th–13th centuries. Both thinkers distinguished between Divine, natural, and human (civil) laws, emphasizing their interconnectedness and interdependence within society. The obtained results show that they had a Christian worldview, where the king, guided by the three laws and the principles of justice, was destined to lead his subjects toward the “common good”, ensuring their freedom and happiness.

Hill Stations in Vietnam During the French Colonial Period: The Case Study of Tam Dao

In the process of colonial conquest, beside political and economic strategies, Western powers continually sought to establish hill stations as “sanctuaries from the death in the tropics”. By the late 19th and early 20th centuries, French colonialism in Vietnam intensified their exploration and search for places in the midlands and mountainous areas to establish hill stations. These stations served as retreats for vacationing, recuperation, and cure during summers, eliminating the need for travel to distant lands. This article aims to answer the question of the reasons and conditions that led the colonial authorities to choose locations for establishing these mountain resorts. It elucidates the process of formation and development of Tam Dao (Vinh Yen province), in comparison with Da Lat (Central Highlands) and Sapa (Northwest region). The article contributes to sparking further research on this intriguing topic in the modern history of Vietnam, particularly in Vĩnh Yên.

Ground Penetrating Radar Survey of the Lithuanian Part of Medzhybizh Castle

We present the results of recent geophysical and archaeological investigations conducted in Medzhybizh castle located in the Western Ukraine. Architectural and restoration studies that lasted more than 50 years revealed a part of the castle built during the Lithuanian period, in the 14th-15th centuries. Our study is focused on ground penetrating radar (GPR) surveys on the courtyards of the castle including the Lithuanian part, and inside the buildings. The GPR survey was capable of seeing elements of the ancient architecture under a horizon of debris and soil up to 3 m thick. Possible structures of Lithuanian castle were suggested and confirmed by recent archaeological excavations. These are fragments of the Western Wall, stone construction stretching along the façade of the Southern Building, fundament ditch of the inner wall in the Southern Building.

Schmorl's nodes in two 19th-20th century Spanish osteological collections from Valladolid and Granada.

This study examines how age at death, sex, and socio-historical context relate to the frequency, location, and severity of Schmorl's nodes. The sample comprised thoracic and lumbar vertebrae of 192 skeletons from two contemporary documented osteological collections from Spain, in Valladolid and Granada, both of which contain individuals who died during the second half of the 20th century. Schmorl's nodes were recorded on the superior and inferior surfaces of vertebral bodies and their location was categorized in one of three areas: center, canal, and periphery. The prevalence of Schmorl's nodes was 57.42 % for the Valladolid collection and 67.39 % for Granada, with no significant differences between collections. Statistically significant differences were found between the sexes, but age at death did not correlate with the presence of the lesion. This analysis supports the absence of a direct relationship between the pathology and the aging process, but shows a greater predisposition in male individuals, suggesting that vertebral morphology and/or physical activity might be key etiological factors. This research enhances our understanding of the etiology of Schmorl's nodes by highlighting sex as a key variable and suggesting a lack of association with age. The absence of data on occupational activity prevents correlating this variable with the presence of Schmorl's nodes. Conduct studies on geometric morphometric data to corroborate the evolutionary hypothesis proposed by other authors.

Unconventional Chekhov

I read a very interesting book by Donald Rayfi eld, “Anton Chekhov: A Life”. And the image of Chekhov as a subtle, intelligent man wearing pince-nez, a brilliant master of short stories and tales, one of the theater reformers of the late 19th and early 20th centuries literally collapsed for me. More precisely, the assessment and signifi cance of Chekhov’s works have fully stood the test, but only scraps of the image of Anton Pavlovich as a person and an individual remain. Then I thought, what kind of image was this, where did I get it from? Frankly speaking, I must admit that this image is in some sense not mine; I did not set myself a conscious task to understand Chekhov’s personality and critically comprehend his numerous letters (more than 5,000) and comments on his life by other researchers. I suppose, this image, like for most other readers, was formed in me under the infl uence of ideological versions of the life of the great writer at school literature lessons, radio and television programs, and fi nally, reading the works by Chekhov (after all, when you read, you involuntarily create, almost out of thin air, a certain image of the author). It turned out that this generalized, conventional, and far-fetched image has nothing to do with the information about Chekhov’s life that I found in Rayfi eld’s book. This made it obvious that the author’s works and the author’s image are completely diff erent things.

Establishment and Changes in the Diocese of the Bishopric of Niкopol in the 17th–19th Centuries. Introductory Notes

The main purpose of the paper is to examine the history of the Catholic Church in the Bulgarian lands, in particular the Nikopol Diocese during the 17th–19th centuries. The rule of each monsignor of the diocese is examined in chronological order, as well as the changes in the administrative and hierarchical structure of the Catholic Church and the Paulician community. Going chronologically through the key historical moments of the Catholic Church in our lands, the specific historical and cultural phenomena are outlined that led to changes in the diocese of Nikopol in the context of each settlement. An attempt is made to clarify the different role of the Catholic Church in each particular historical moment in terms of the impact on the Paulician population as well. Many moments rich in fragmentation are singled out, but the moments before and after the liberation from the Ottoman Empire stand out in particular. Based on this, the adaptation of the church to the events in the community is traced in the atmosphere of changing administrative and political circumstances.

The return of raptors to Scotland's skies: Investigating the diets of reintroduced red kites and white-tailed eagles using stable isotopes.

Species reintroductions are increasingly seen as important methods of biodiversity restoration. Reintroductions of red kites Milvus milvus and white-tailed eagles Halieaeetus albicilla to Britain, which were extirpated in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, represent major conservation successes. Here, we measured stable isotope ratios of carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) in feather keratin and bone collagen of museum specimens of red kites and white-tailed eagles, which were collected from across Scotland between the 1800s and 2010s. Our objectives were to investigate dietary differences between species and between the pre- and post- reintroduction periods. Among reintroduced birds, δ13C values were significantly less negative and δ15N values higher in feather keratin and bone collagen of white-tailed eagles compared to red kites, likely reflecting a greater reliance on marine resources by the former. Our stable isotope data showed a wide range, confirming the dietary diversity observed in conventional diet studies of both taxa, with white-tailed eagles, in particular, having wide dietary niches and a considerable degree of inter-individual variability. Isotopic data from pre-introduction red kites mostly fell within the range of post-reintroduction birds, suggesting they had similar diets to the pre-reintroduction birds, or the prey base for modern birds is isotopically indistinguishable from that of their historic counterparts. For white-tailed eagles, several pre-reintroduction birds were isotopically distinct from the post-reintroduction population. These differences may indicate a changing prey base, although these conclusions are complicated by shifting distributions and small population samples. Overall, our study demonstrates the utility of natural history collections in examining changes in diet, environment, and interactions with humans in reintroduced species compared with pre-extirpation indigenous populations.

Trial by jury in Russia and international experience

Criminal proceedings before a jury are the most important constitutional guarantee of citizens' direct participation in the administration of justice. Scientists discover the roots of the jury trial in the 4th century BC in Athens. Subsequently, the jury trial manifested itself in a more developed form in England in 829 A.D. and subsequently spread in one form or another to a number of European countries, including Russia, as well as the United States. The Soviet period of the development of the Russian state was not associated with the development of this institution. However, in the Russian Federation, the jury trial was reborn and returned to domestic criminal proceedings. When writing the article, the author applied a dialectical approach to the study of the phenomenon in its development and constant movement. Thus, the development of the domestic jury trial was traced, taking into account the prerequisites arising from the world experience of its development. The historical method, the method of system analysis and the statistical method were also applied. The main conclusions of the study are the establishment of a link between the emergence of other democratic principles in state building and the emergence of the jury trial. According to the idea of the reformers of the Russian criminal justice system, the jury trial at the apogee of its development should maximize the participation of the popular element in the administration of justice before the crown court, and even more so in a modern democratic society. The functioning of the jury trial is fraught with a number of problems, the main of which is the qualitative potential of the jury and the ability of the public prosecutor to present evidence in their interrelation, on which the fairness of the verdict directly depends. A special contribution of the author to the research of the topic is the introduction into the scientific discourse of rare historical sources that had not previously been found in publications on this topic. The novelty of the research lies in studying the experience of the domestic jury trial from the perspective of the functioning of the prosecutor – public prosecutor in it, analyzing the methodological recommendations of practicing lawyers of the 19th and early 20th centuries in relation to the current stage of development of this institution.

Music, Language and Public Sphere: Tracing the Power of Culture in Collective Identity

The ‘classicization’ of Indian music during the late 19th and early 20th centuries was closely associated with colonial modernity and nationalism. This process elevated music to a central symbol of Indian culture within the nationalist framework. This paper examines the intersection of language, music, and the public sphere, focusing on how music in Maharashtra, particularly Pune, aligned with Marathi identity as part of a larger cultural transformation. The establishment of institution like Gandharva Mahavidyalaya and figures like Pt. Vinayakbua Patwardhan played significant role in this alignment, portraying music as an emblem of regional and national heritage. The paper is based on a study which has used historical method to analyse the link between music, language and collective identity. By tracing the history of consolidation of regional Marathi identity, the paper draws attention to how the project of Maharashtra Sangeet worked in tune with the creation and consolidation of a Marathi public sphere.

Cariera prepozitului de Sibiu în regatul Ungariei, sub regii arpadieni și angevini în secolele XII−XIV

In the 12th–14th centuries, an administrative-territorial structure with a special status functioned in southern Transylvania. At first it was subordinated to the diocese of Rome, then to the archbishopric of Esztergom. Thus, it maintained its autonomy from the diocese of Transylvania. During its history, the provosts named at the head of this ecclesiastic institution in Sibiu enjoyed all the prestige that came along with this position within the Hungarian Realm. Among these provosts there are a number of individuals who used their position to gain access to other offices, such as that of bishop, or who simultaneously also occupied positions at the court of the king. The present study aims to present the careers of the provost of Sibiu within the kingdom of Hungary, analysing the edited documents.

Indulgențe acordate bisericilor parohiale ale coloniștilor sași din Transilvania secolelor XIV–XV

Indulgences are the product of the medieval devoutness. The abuses committed with their help in the early Modern Age led to their commercialization being banned by the Council of Trent. The present paper aims first to clarify the theory of indulgences in a historical context, and then to provide a brief analysis of the known indulgences granted to the Saxon churches in Transylvania in the 13th–15th centuries. Indulgences were born out of the need to document the performance of repentance by a monk or cleric in place of the sinner who, because of the large number of his sins and the necessary acts of penance, was unable to perform all the repentance personally. The one who took this task and burden upon himself in the form of officiating masses and saying prayers had to be compensated. In the early days of the indulgences, compensation took the form of monetary donations for the building and equipping of churches. Throughout the Middle Ages it was believed that a hierarch who had several clerics under him could offer more Masses for the performance of penance and the possibility of more sins being included in the process. With the so-called teaching of the thesaurus ecclesiae an unlimited fund of merits of Jesus Christ and the saints was established from which indulgences could be granted to sinners. The Pope has the right to administer the merits accumulated in this thesaurus. Satisfaction by the merits in the treasury and their monopolization through the church hierarchy laid the basis for subsequent abuses of indulgences. On Fundus Regius there were three kinds of indulgences: those granted for the construction and equipment of churches, those granted in the jubilee year 1400 – a common phenomenon of the Kingdom of Hungary – as well as those granted to the confraternities of clerics. The conclusions of this paper are that by consulting indulgences it is possible to follow the state of construction of churches and convents and by renewing them to observe that the local population really used this possibility to express their piety. The last indulgence granted on Fundus regius was issued in 1520. In conclusion, these were not the cause of the 1545 reform.

Comparative analysis of Pride and Prejudice and Emma from a Feminist Perspective

The origin of feminism can be traced back to the early 19th century. Although it has a long history, it did not become widespread until the 20th century. Though feminism still confronts many obstacles, it has come a long way toward realizing gender equality today.Renowned British feminist novelist Jane Austen wrote novels in the late 18th and early 19th century. She was particularly skilled at depicting colorful and varied female characters in a culture where males predominated. The majority of the female characters she wrote about had different personalities and unusual perspectives on marriage..This article will compare the writing characteristics and female characters in two outstanding literary works, Pride and Prejudice and Emma, to understand Jane Austen’s mature views on love and marriage and her evolving understanding of the ideal heroine. It is also of great significance for studying the development of feminism and the awakening of modern women’s consciousness.

Femeile-fotograf ale Sibiului din a doua jumătate a secolului al XIX-lea: fotografiile Kamillei Ásbóth și ale Juliei Herter din colecția Muzeului Național Brukenthal

The role of women photographers has been downplayed in the history of photography, although they have been among the earliest practitioners since the 19th century. A small number of women contributed to the early history of photography, although in the late 18th and early 19th centuries some women in high society were knowledgeable about the science. The complicated processes used to take photographs were deciphered and used by women photographers, and their portfolios included a wide variety of subjects. The first women photographers’ owners of permanent studios in Sibiu, in the second half of the 19th century, were Kamilla Ásbóth (1838–1908) and Julie Herter (1838–1922). Their biographies are little known today, but the photographs they took, preserved in the collection of Documentary Graphics at the Brukenthal National Museum, show us a special world of which the two photographers were once part.