Magnetic Resonance Research Articles

Multimodality Brain Imaging Markers in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy Subtypes and Parkinson's Disease.

The new classification of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) subtypes necessitates identifying radiological biomarkers to support the clinical diagnosis. The goals was to test if magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) morphometry, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI), or [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (18FFDG)-positron emission tomography (PET) differentiates PSP subtypes from each other or Parkinson's disease (PD). Midbrain/pons (M/P) area ratio, middle/superior cerebellar peduncle (MCP/SCP) width ratio, magnetic resonance parkinsonism indices (MRPI and MRPI2) and midbrain antero-posterior (AP) diameter were measured. Region of interest-based DTI, SWI, and 18FFDG-PET analyses were performed. Four PSP subtypes (n = 85) and 24 PD were studied. MRI morphometry and DTI could differentiate PSP-Richardson syndrome (PSP-RS) from PSP-parkinsonism, PSP-postural instability, and PD (area under curve >0.7). SWI did not differentiate among PSP subtypes or PD. 18FFDG-PET distinguished PSP from PD. MRI morphometry and DTI differentiated PSP-RS from the other common PSP subtypes and PD and may be tested as a radiological marker of PSP-RS in larger studies.

Age-specific over-the-top techniques for physeal sparing anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction in skeletally immature patients: Current concepts for prepubescents to older adolescents.

Tailored surgical strategies for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction in skeletally immature patients are presented, emphasizing techniques to minimize growth plate damage and ensure stability. As ACL injuries in youth increase, delaying surgery can lead to joint damage and poor recovery outcomes. Using magnetic resonance imaging-based assessments of skeletal maturity, the authors propose the 'over-the-top (OTT)' approach with lateral tenodesis, adapted for three growth stages: prepubescents, young adolescents and older adolescents. For prepubescents, the extra-physeal approach avoids growth plate drilling; for young adolescents, the supra-physeal technique places tunnels above the growth plate; and for older adolescents, the trans-physeal method mirrors adult techniques, as growth plates are closing. The minimally invasive OTT technique preserves hamstring insertion, ensures isometric graft placement, and allows for combined intra- and extra-articular procedures to improve rotational control and protect the graft. Clinical outcomes highlight high return-to-sport rates, minimal growth disturbances, and low failure rates, although older adolescents show higher graft failures due to activity levels. Various adaptations of the OTT and lateral tenodesis techniques utilizing hamstring tendons provide promising solutions for addressing ACL injuries in skeletally immature patients, ranging from prepubescence to late adolescence. Assessing skeletal age and estimating remaining bone growth are essential for selecting the most appropriate surgical method. The biomechanical principles and positive clinical results observed across different patient groups highlight these techniques as effective, safe and attractive options for managing these challenging cases. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV.

Upadacitinib in active non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis: 2-year data from the phase 3 SELECT-AXIS 2 study

Abstract Background In SELECT-AXIS 2, upadacitinib improved the signs and symptoms of active non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis (nr-axSpA) through 52 weeks versus placebo and was well tolerated. Here, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of upadacitinib through 2 years. Methods The study enrolled eligible adult patients with a clinical diagnosis of nr-axSpA who met the 2009 Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society (ASAS) classification criteria and had objective signs of active inflammation on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of sacroiliac joints and/or high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. Patients were randomized 1:1 to receive double-blinded treatment with upadacitinib 15 mg once daily (QD) or placebo for 52 weeks, after which all patients received open-label treatment with upadacitinib 15 mg QD. Efficacy results over 104 weeks were reported as observed (AO) and either AO with non-responder imputation (AO-NRI; binary endpoints) or AO with mixed-effect model for repeated measures (continuous endpoints). Treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were summarized through week 104. Results Of 313 patients randomized and treated, 224 (continuous upadacitinib n = 117; placebo/upadacitinib n = 107) completed 104 weeks of treatment. In patients who received continuous upadacitinib, sustained improvement was observed through 2 years of treatment across efficacy endpoints including disease activity, pain, function, enthesitis, quality of life, and MRI measures of inflammation. At week 104, 57.1%, 59.0%, and 31.4% of patients achieved ASAS40 response, and low disease activity and inactive disease (as defined by Axial Spondyloarthritis Disease Activity Score), respectively (AO-NRI); week 104 outcomes were generally similar in patients who initially received placebo and were switched to upadacitinib at week 52. In total, 286 patients were exposed to ≥ 1 dose of upadacitinib, comprising 378.3 patient-years (PY) of exposure. Upadacitinib was generally well tolerated, with exposure-adjusted event rates (EAERs) for TEAEs, serious adverse events (AEs), and AEs leading to study drug discontinuation of 207.5, 8.7, and 5.3 events/100 PY, respectively. EAERs of TEAEs of special interest were broadly consistent with those reported through week 52. Conclusions Treatment with upadacitinib demonstrated consistent improvement and maintenance of treatment effect across efficacy endpoints through 2 years; no new safety signals were identified with additional exposure. Trial registration NCT04169373.

Analisis Tiga Bentuk Ukuran ROI terhadap Nilai ADC pada Kasus Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Background: Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of death in the world. One important aspect of lesion measurement in predicting HCC grading on Magnetic Resonance images is the ADC value obtained by performing Region of Interest can be a variation in shape size of Freehand, Circle, or Point voxel.Methods: Analytical quantitative research by comparing three shapes sizes ROI on the value of ADC in cases of HCC. Data was collected at the Radiology Installation of hospitals in Jakarta from 50 patients who underwent liver MRI with DWI-ADC Map images between January and October 2023. Analysis of data using Friedman test statistical test followed by Dunnet post hoc test.Results: ADC value for Freehand ROI was 1.33x10-3 mm2/s, Circle ROI was 1.31x10-3 mm2/s and Point Voxel ROI was 1.23x10-3 mm2/s. The statistic p0.05 means that there is a significant difference in ADC values between Point Voxel and Freehand and Circle ROI.Conclusions: ROI with different size shapes (Freehand, Circle, Point Voxel) affects ADC value. Circle ROI is recommended to evaluate HCC because the placement of the ROI can avoid inhomogeneous areas when measuring the ADC value on an MRI of the Liver with Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

The imaging presentation of head and neck oncologic emergencies

This review describes the radiographic findings in emergencies of head and neck cancers (HNCs) in both undiagnosed and previously treated patients, with an emphasis on the temporal urgency of each presentation and in association with the relevant clinical presentation and necessary treatments to enhance understanding and recognition. The various presentations of HNC will be described by the organ system of their presenting complaint. The development and complications of each will be elaborated, with a focus on the clinical presentation in the emergency department and the imaging findings that are critical to recognize in making the diagnosis. Each presentation will be exhibited with a specific patient case and the exact computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound, or digital subtraction angiography images obtained will be shown. Cases include airway obstruction due to glottic tumor or metastatic cervical lymphadenopathy; airway obstruction due to surgical complications of hematoma, or post-radiation soft-tissue edema; vascular complications of tumor or nodal compression, carotid blowout, carotid stenosis, or occlusion; orbital complications of compartment syndrome; and orthopedic complications of osteomyelitis and osteoradionecrosis. Eleven HNC patient cases are presented with their associated 32 images. HNC patients present with challenging imaging features in the emergent setting. Difficulty in discerning the correct diagnosis arises from the complex head and neck anatomy, often compounded by an advanced stage at presentation and poor functional status. Radiologist familiarity with common HNC emergent presentations is essential for accurate diagnosis and timely treatment.

Variasi Kadar Kacang Almond untuk Pembuatan Susu sebagai Alternatif Media Kontras Oral Magnetic Resonance Cholangio Pancreatography (MRCP)

Background: Exploring the manganese content in almond milk and the efficiency of the analytical method used in this measurement. This research aims to understand how much manganese is contained in almond milk and how mixing almonds with milk affects the mineral content and is used for MRCP examination.Methods: The research design is a true experimental design with quantitative methods. This design has a control group and a selected experimental group. Using almonds and manganese chloride (MnCl2) as a control. AAS testing to determine manganese content.Results: The research results showed that the manganese content in almond milk mixed with a ratio of 150 ml of milk per 150 grams of almonds was 0.01570 mg/L. This shows that almond milk contains amounts of manganese that can contribute to humans' daily mineral intake. In addition, this study also noted that almond milk with this mixture achieved a significant signal suppression ratio, namely 43.3/1.9. This signal suppression ratio is an indicator of efficiency or success in a particular research or testing process.Conclusions: The use of almond milk can be used as an oral negative contrast medium and can be used for Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) examination.

Deep Learning Approaches in Medical Image Segmentation: Implications for Brain Tumor Detection and Analysis

The procedure of image segmentation involves splitting images into distinct components to discern similarities or differences between regions. This facilitates the quantitative and/or qualitative analysis of lesions, thereby enhancing the reliability and accuracy of medical diagnoses. Traditionally, medical image segmentation was performed manually, slice by slice, requiring a high level of expertise to accurately define boundaries for individual areas. This manual process is time-consuming and error-prone. Currently, several deep learning methods have achieved significant advancements in image segmentation, surpassing the accuracy of traditional approaches. This study reviewed the effectiveness of deep learning models in accurately segmenting images of brain tumor patients. A search of the PubMed and Google Scholar databases, as well as the Asian Journal archives, was conducted to retrieve recent literature using the keywords: deep learning, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, image segmentation, and medical image processing. References from relevant literature were also reviewed to obtain additional sources. A critical and direct assessment of deep learning technologies on tumor MRI images was subsequently performed using these sources. The Dice scores served as metrics for evaluating the performance of the deep learning models. Based on the Dice scores, it can be inferred that deep learning models such as 3D FCNs, ResNet models, AGSE-VNet models, and encoder-decoder CNN architectures exhibit high segmentation accuracy in brain tumor images. The promising results demonstrated by deep learning-based segmentation approaches underscore their potential to enhance diagnostic capabilities in brain tumor detection and analysis.

Assessment of activity and severity of inflammatory bowel disease in cross-sectional imaging techniques: a systematic review.

Cross-sectional imaging techniques, including intestinal ultrasonography (IUS), computed tomography enterography (CTE), magnetic resonance enterography (MRE), are increasingly used for evaluation of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). We aimed to systematically review literature evidence on the assessment of disease activity, and/or severity through cross-sectional imaging in IBD patients, and to offer guidance on their most effective utilization. We performed a systematic review of PubMed, EMBASE, and Scopus to identify citations pertaining the assessment of disease activity, and/or severity at cross-sectional imaging techniques compared to a reference standard (i.e., other radiological techniques, endoscopy, histopathology, and surgery) in IBD patients published until December 2023. Overall, 179 papers published between 1990 and 2023 were included, with a total of 10988 IBD patients (9304 CD [84.7%], 1206 UC [11.0%], 38 IBD-U [0.3%], 440 unspecified [4.0%]). 39/179 studies investigated IUS, 22/179 CTE, 101/179 MRE, in the remaining papers two techniques were addressed together. In 81.6% of the papers, endoscopy (with or without histopathology) was used as a reference standard. All studies included evaluated disease activity, while just over half (100/179, 55.8%) also evaluated disease severity of the addressed cross-sectional methodology. Pooled sensitivity, specificity, and overall accuracy of IUS, MRE, and CTE compared to the reference standard were 60-99%, 60-100%, and 70-99%, respectively. All cross-sectional imaging techniques demonstrated moderate-to-good accuracy in assessing disease activity, and severity of IBD. This finding highlights the potential, especially for MRE and IUS to be widely utilized in managing IBD in both clinical practice and clinical trials.

A semantic strength and neural correlates in developmental dyslexia

IntroductionMost studies of dyslexia focus on domains of impairment (e.g., reading and phonology, among others), but few examine possible strengths. In the present study, we investigated semantic fluency as a cognitive strength in English-speaking children with dyslexia aged 8–13.MethodsNinety-seven children with dyslexia completed tests of letter and semantic verbal fluency, standardized measures of reading and cognitive functions, and task-free resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI). First, we adjusted performance on semantic fluency by letter fluency and created a residual score that was used to separate participants into high (residual >0) or average (residual <0) semantic performance groups. We then employed a psycholinguistic clustering and switching approach to the semantic fluency task and performed dynamic task-free rs-fMRI connectivity analysis to reveal group differences in brain dynamics.ResultsHigh and average semantic fluency groups were well-matched on demographics and letter fluency but differed on their psycholinguistic patterns on the semantic fluency task. The high semantic fluency group, compared to the average semantic fluency group, produced a higher number of words within each cluster, a higher max cluster size, and a higher number of switches. Differential dynamic rs-fMRI connectivity (shorter average dwell time and greater brain state switches) was observed between the high and average groups in a large-scale bilateral frontal-temporal-occipital network.DiscussionThese data demonstrate that a subgroup of children with dyslexia perform above average on semantic fluency tasks and their performance is strongly linked to distinct psycholinguistic patterns and differences in a task-free resting-state brain network, which includes regions previously implicated in semantic processing. This work highlights that inter-individual differences should be taken into account in dyslexia and reveals a cognitive area of strength for some children with dyslexia that could be leveraged for reading interventions.

Pharmacophore Recombination Design, Synthesis, and Bioactivity of Ester-Substituted Pyrazole Purine Derivatives as Herbicide Safeners.

Mesosulfuron-methyl, an acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitor primarily applied to wheat and rye, can injure or even kill wheat crops. Herbicide safeners can improve the herbicide resistance of crops without reducing the herbicidal effect on targeted weed species. Herein, we present a series of pyrazole purine derivatives with the primary structure of the natural product cytokinin and commercialized safener mefenpyridyl, designed using the pharmacophore recombination method. The title compounds were synthesized and characterized using infrared spectroscopy, 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and high-resolution mass spectrometry. A bioactivity assay proved that most of the target compounds can reduce the wheat phytotoxicity of mesosulfuron-methyl. Measurements of chlorophyll and glutathione contents, along with other enzyme activity assays, confirmed that compounds I-15 and I-13 exhibit higher safety activities compared with the mefenpyr-diethyl safener. Molecular structure comparisons demonstrated that I-15 is more readily absorbed and disseminated through the crop than the commercialized safener mefenpyr-diethyl. Molecular docking models and molecular dynamics simulations elucidated the protective mechanism of safeners; specifically, compound I-15 competitively binds to the ALS active site with mesosulfuron-methyl. The current study reveals the potential of pyrazole purine derivatives in the future discovery of novel herbicide safeners.

Gray and white matter differences in the medial temporal lobe in late-life depression: a multimodal PET-MRI investigation.

Late-life depression (LLD) is characterized by medial temporal lobe (MTL) abnormalities. Although gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) differences in LLD have been reported, few studies have investigated them concurrently. Moreover, the impact of aetiological factors, such as neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular burden, on tissue differences remains elusive. This prospective cross-sectional study involved 72 participants, including 33 patients with LLD (mean age 72.2 years, 23 female) and 39 healthy controls (HCs) (mean age 70.6 years, 24 female), who underwent clinical and positron emission tomography (PET)-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) assessments. High-resolution 3D T1-weighted and T2-weighted FLAIR images were used to assess MTL GM volumes and white matter hyperintensities (WMHs), a proxy for cerebrovascular burden. Diffusion kurtosis imaging metrics derived from multishell diffusion MRI data were analyzed to assess WM microstructure in the following MTL bundles reconstructed using constrained spherical deconvolution tractography: uncinate fasciculus, fornix, and cingulum. Standardized uptake value ratio of 18F-MK-6240 in the MTL was used to assess Alzheimer's disease (AD) type tau accumulation as a proxy for neurodegenerative burden. Compared to HCs, patients with LLD showed significantly lower bilateral MTL volumes and WM microstructural differences primarily in the uncinate fasciculi bilaterally and right fornix. In patients with LLD, higher vascular burden, but not tau, was associated with lower MTL volume and more pronounced WM differences. LLD was associated with both GM and WM differences in the MTL. Cerebrovascular disease, rather than AD type tau-mediated neurodegenerative processes, may contribute to brain tissue differences in LLD.

Two-year impact of COVID-19: Longitudinal MRI brain changes and neuropsychiatric trajectories.

Up to 10% of SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals suffer from post-COVID-19 condition, marked by fatigue and cognitive dysfunction as major symptoms. Longitudinal studies on neuropsychological and clinical trajectories and related brain changes are scarce. Here, we aimed to examine their evolution up to 2 years post-infection. In a multi-center, longitudinal study of 79 post-COVID patients (mean age 46, 48 female) with persistent symptoms and 21 age- and sex-matched never-infected, healthy controls (mean age 42, eight female), we analyzed neuropsychological performance, self-reported outcomes and associated neuroimaging alterations of resting-state functional and structural magnetic resonance imaging data 23 months post-infection. In post-COVID patients 23 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection we observed (1) that fatigue severity had reduced but still remained present in most patients, (2) widespread brain changes involving the brainstem, the pre- and postcentral gyrus and the limbic olfactory network, (3) a weakening of self-reported fatigue and its cerebral associations. Notably, findings of brain aberrations were more pronounced in hospitalized patients. Our findings indicate that complex brain adaptations take place up to 2 years following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Some regions manifest enduring abnormalities while others undergo restitution. The attenuation of radio-clinical associations suggests a compensatory function for these regions, pointing to non-brain intrinsic factors to sustain persistent fatigue.

Clinical characteristics and prognosis of type 1 infratentorial superficial siderosis

A total of 7 patients with type 1 infratentorial superficial siderosis(iSS-1)in Memory Clinic at Huashan Hospital, Fudan University from March 2019 to March 2023 were respectively collected to analyze the clinical characteristics and treatment, and followed up for 12 months. There were 7 patients, 2 males and 5 females, aged 56 (49-60) years. The 4 patients who underwent cognitive assessment had varying degree of cognitive impairment, with 2 patients exhibiting severe executive function impairment. Magnetic resonance myelography imaging was used to screen the etiology of iSS-1 patients. Four patients had clear dural defects, 3 of whom accepted autologous blood patch treatment. And all 3 patients were relieved from postural headache and dizziness within 3 months after treatment; symptoms such as hearing loss, unstable walking, ataxia and cognitive impairment remained stable, and 1 patient showed significant improvement in cognitive assessment scores. The efficacy and safety of autologous blood patch treatment still need to be further confirmed by RCT studies of expanded samples.

Visceral adipose tissue area and proportion provide distinct reflections of cardiometabolic outcomes in weight loss; pooled analysis of MRI-assessed CENTRAL and DIRECT PLUS dietary randomized controlled trials

BackgroundVisceral adipose tissue (VAT) is well established as a pathogenic fat depot, whereas superficial subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) is associated with either an improved or neutral cardiovascular state. However, it is unclear to what extent VAT area (VATcm2) and its proportion of total abdominal adipose tissue (VAT%) are distinguished in predicting cardiometabolic status and clinical outcomes during weight loss.MethodsWe integrated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measurements of VAT, deep-SAT, and superficial-SAT from two 18-month lifestyle weight loss clinical trials, CENTRAL and DIRECT PLUS (n = 572).ResultsAt baseline, the mean VATcm2 was 144.8cm2 and VAT% = 28.2%; over 18 months, participants lost 28cm2 VATcm2 (− 22.5%), and 1.3 VAT% units. Baseline VATcm2 and VAT% were similarly associated with metabolic syndrome, hypertension, and diabetes status, while VAT% better classified hypertriglyceridemia. Conversely, higher VATcm2 was associated with elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), while VAT% was not. After 18 months of lifestyle intervention, both VATcm2 and VAT% loss were significantly associated with decreased triglycerides, HbA1c, ferritin, and liver enzymes, and increased HDL-c levels beyond weight loss (FDR < 0.05). Only VATcm2 loss was correlated with decreased HOMA-IR, chemerin, and leptin levels.ConclusionsMRI follow-up of 572 participants over 18 months of weight loss intervention suggests that although increased VATcm2 and VAT% exhibit similar clinical manifestations, it might be preferable to examine VAT% when exploring lipid status, while VATcm2 may better reflect inflammatory and glycemic states.Trial registrationCENTRAL (Clinical-trials-identifier: NCT01530724); DIRECT PLUS (Clinical-trials-identifier: NCT03020186).

Signs of Cortical Inflammation in Migraine Measured with Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Registry for Migraine (REFORM) Study.

The involvement of cortical inflammation in migraine, particularly migraine with aura, has been a subject of considerable interest, but has proved challenging to demonstrate. We aimed to detect and characterize signs of cortical inflammation in adults with migraine using a novel, multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique. We used T2 mapping to measure water content/cellularity, T1 mapping to measure tissue microstructure integrity, and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) mapping to measure intra- or extracellular edema. We compared these values between participants with migraine (with and without aura) and healthy controls using general linear models adjusted for age and sex. Two hundred ninety-six adult participants with migraine and 155 age- and sex-matched healthy controls provided eligible imaging data. Among the participants with migraine, 103 had migraine with aura, 180 chronic migraine, and 88 were ictal during the scan. Participants with migraine had higher quantitative T2 (qT2) in the left occipital cortex than healthy controls (p < 0.0001). In migraine with aura, the higher qT2 was more widespread and located bilaterally in the occipital cortices, compared with controls (left, p < 0.0001; right p = 0.004). Post-hoc analysis revealed overlapping ADC elevations in migraine with aura compared with controls (p = 0.0069). Quantitative MRI changes compatible with cortical inflammation were detected in participants with migraine, and appeared driven by the subgroup with aura. Higher occipital qT2 in migraine with aura might represent either extracellular edema or accumulation of inflammatory microglia or astrocytes. These results support the importance of cortical inflammation in migraine pathophysiology, particularly in migraine with aura. ANN NEUROL 2025.

International Research on the Problems of Children in Cases of Witnessing Domestic Violence

&lt;p dir="ltr"&gt;&lt;span&gt;The research has the clear objective of highlighting possible psychophysical damage in minors as a result not of physical or sexual violence or physical neglect, but rather as a result of frequent parental quarrels, experienced by the children in a traumatic way (witnessing violence). The inspiration for the present research was provided by a further 20 recent cases observed in the course of as many civil proceedings on the subject of child custody with highly conflicting parental couples. The research shows how witnessed violence can constitute a significant risk factor in the psycho-physical development of the minor and how, as such, it deserves particular attention in the context of prevention and therapy of subjects who have experienced similar events. It follows that "the role of victim", in cases of domestic violence, is not only attributable to those who suffer the violent actions (one of the partners), but also to those (such as children), although not being the object of such violence, he is involved as a witness/observer. The research also deals with secondary and tertiary prevention activities. This paper will consider: Generalities on the subject of witnessing violence; Previous research on the harm resulting from witnessing domestic violence between parents; The most advanced prevention and treatment strategies; The classification of batterers and feminicides in the primary prevention of intra-family violence; The negative effects of witnessing violence in childhood and young adults: from the development of brain morphology to mental and behavioural disorders; Targeted research with encephalic Nuclear Magnetic Resonance with VBM (Voxed- Based Morphometry); Further research on the subject of witnessing violence; The substantial difference between PTSD and C-DPTS.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

Crescent-shaped intracranial hemorrhage in cerebral venous sinus thrombosis: A case report and review of literature

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is a rare but serious condition involving blood clots in the cerebral venous system often linked to prothrombotic states. It can result in complications such as intracranial hemorrhage and neurological deficits. We present the case of a 16-year-old female with CVST affecting the superior sagittal sinus, who experienced severe headaches and seizures. Initial computed tomography imaging showed a hematoma in the right frontal lobe, suggesting sinus and cortical vein thrombosis. Magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic resonance angiography, and magnetic resonance venography confirmed subacute hemorrhage with perifocal edema, and cerebral angiography validated the diagnosis. Elevated D-dimer levels supported the findings. The patient was treated with fondaparinux and later transitioned to oral warfarin, leading to clinical improvement and reduced D-dimer levels within a week. This case highlights the importance of early diagnosis and anticoagulation therapy, even in hemorrhagic cases, to prevent long-term complications and emphasizes the need for awareness of CVST in similar scenarios.

Abnormal Brain State in Major Depressive Disorder: A Resting-State Magnetic Resonance Study.

Background: Respective changes in resting-state linear and nonlinear measures in major depressive disorder (MDD) have been reported. However, few studies have used integrated measures of linear and nonlinear brain dynamics to explore the pathological mechanisms underlying MDD. Method: Forty-two patients with MDD and 42 sex- and age-matched healthy controls (HC) underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging to calculate multiscale entropy (MSE) and regional homogeneity (ReHo). The MSE-ReHo coupling of the whole gray matter and the MSE/ReHo ratio (the complexity of intensity homogeneity per unit time series) of each voxel were compared between the two groups. To evaluate the discriminative capacity of ratio features between patients with MDD and HC, we employed the support vector machine (SVM) learning method. Results: We observed that patients with MDD displayed increased MSE/ReHo ratio mainly in the orbitofrontal cortex, sensorimotor areas, and visual cortex. Moreover, significant correlations were observed between MSE/ReHo ratio and clinical indicators, including depression severity and cognitive function tests. The SVM model demonstrated high accuracy in differentiating patients with MDD from HC, highlighting the potential of the MSE/ReHo ratio as a diagnostic and prognostic tool. Conclusions: The aberrant MSE/ReHo ratio implicated the underlying mechanisms of depressive symptoms and cognitive impairment in patients with MDD. It may represent a critical state of the brain region, reflecting the degree of chaos and order in the brain region. Integrating linear and nonlinear combinations of brain signals holds promise for diagnosing psychiatric disorders.

Radiomics in glioma: emerging trends and challenges.

Radiomics is a promising neuroimaging technique for extracting and analyzing quantitative glioma features. This review discusses the application, emerging trends, and challenges associated with using radiomics in glioma. Integrating deep learning algorithms enhances various radiomics components, including image normalization, region of interest segmentation, feature extraction, feature selection, and model construction and can potentially improve model accuracy and performance. Moreover, investigating specific tumor habitats of glioblastomas aids in a better understanding of glioblastoma aggressiveness and the development of effective treatment strategies. Additionally, advanced imaging techniques, such as diffusion-weighted imaging, perfusion-weighted imaging, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, magnetic resonance fingerprinting, functional MRI, and positron emission tomography, can provide supplementary information for tumor characterization and classification. Furthermore, radiomics analysis helps understand the glioma immune microenvironment by predicting immune-related biomarkers and characterizing immune responses within tumors. Integrating multi-omics data, such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and pathomics, with radiomics, aids the understanding of the biological significance of the underlying radiomics features and improves the prediction of genetic mutations, prognosis, and treatment response in patients with glioma. Addressing challenges, such as model reproducibility, model generalizability, model interpretability, and multi-omics data integration, is crucial for the clinical translation of radiomics in glioma.

Optical widefield nuclear magnetic resonance microscopy

Microscopy enables detailed visualization and understanding of minute structures or processes. While cameras have significantly advanced optical, infrared, and electron microscopy, imaging nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signals on a camera has remained elusive. Here, we employ nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond as a quantum sensor, which converts NMR signals into optical signals that are subsequently captured by a high-speed camera. Unlike traditional magnetic resonance imaging, our method records the NMR signal over a wide field of view in real space. We demonstrate that our optical widefield NMR microscopy can image NMR signals in microfluidic structures with a ~10 μm resolution across a ~235 × 150 μm2 area. Crucially, each camera pixel records an NMR spectrum providing multicomponent information about the signal’s amplitude, phase, local magnetic field strengths, and gradients. The fusion of optical microscopy and NMR techniques enables multifaceted imaging applications in the physical and life sciences.