10th Session Research Articles

A clinical case study of individual with Obsessive Compulsive Disorders and the treatment with Exposure Response Prevention

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a chronic psychiatric illness characterized by distressing and intrusive thoughts, impulses or images (obsession) and repetitive covert or overt behaviors (compulsion) that are performed to reduce distress. The case aims to provide insights into the comprehensive assessment and evidence-based interventions of OCD in various clinical contexts of OCD relapsing control by using exposure response prevention. The case highlights the importance of the using of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) as the primary treatment approach and also using exposure response prevention for reducing relapsing tendency. Developing impulse control capacity in individuals treated with OCD through ERP. The main tools of subjective assessment were in-depth clinical interview, observation of client in the session and thought diary. In-depth clinical interview was done by the therapist through open-ended and closed questions, empathetic listening, and active listening. This case found at the 4th session the client improved 40%, 7th session 60%, and lastly 13th session she improved 90% she was benefited from the treatment day by day. She also reported that her anxiety and depression level also was decreased. Subjective rating of Mrs. X’s problem was taken intermittently in assessment and treatment sessions. She rated her overall problem at the starting of psychotherapy with 100 in a ‘0 to 100’ scale, in the 13th session she rated her problem with 25%. By sharing these cases, mental health professionals who are interested to this field can gain valuable insights into the assessment and management of OCD in various clinical contexts.

Comparative retrospective analysis of magnetic field therapy and extracorporeal shock wave therapy in pain management for heel spur

Background Heel spurs, caused by inflammation and overstretching of the plantar fascia, are a common source of heel pain. Although various conservative and invasive treatments are used, evidence on their effectiveness remains limited. Objective This study aims to evaluate the effect of extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) and magnetic field application on pain levels in heel spur patients. Methods The files of 80 patients diagnosed with heel spurs were accessed. Patients with missing demographic information in the files, incomplete Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) values, and patients with heel pain complaints for less than 5 months were excluded from the study. A total of 39 patients who met the study criteria were included in the study. While ESWT was applied to 21 of these patients (ESWT group), magnetic field was applied to 18 patients (MA group). All patients were given plantar fascia stretching exercises as a home program. Pain scores before and after treatment were evaluated with VAS. Results A significant decrease was found in VAS values after the 5th session and 2 months later in both the ESWT group and the magnetic field group (p < 0.001). On the other hand, neither treatment method was found to be superior to each other (p > 0.05). Conclusion It was observed that the pain of the patients decreased in both the early and late periods in both applications.

Strength Training can Modulate Urinary Adipokine Levels in Healthy Young Males.

Adipose tissue stores energy in fat-rich adipocytes, which can produce and release several adipokines and modulate body metabolism. Exercise may induce adipokine production in adipocytes; however, the relationship between the two remains unclear. Few studies have shown the relationship between adipokines and strength training. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the acute and chronic effects of strength training (ST) on urinary adiponectin, leptin, and resistin levels. Twelve untrained young men (23.42 ± 2.67 years) were included in this study. Body composition was evaluated at baseline and after completing of the training protocol using densitometry. Training protocol consisted of three exercises with three sets of 65% of one-repetition maximum (1MR) with a pause of 90 s between sets, each exercise lasting 5 s (2 s concentric / 3 s eccentric). The sessions were carried out three times a week for 10 weeks. Urine was collected during the pre- and post-training in the first and 30th session. Adipokine levels were determined by ELISA. Urinary levels of leptin acutely increased after the first ST session, and after the last ST session. Chronic changes in the leptin levels were also found when comparing the values before the last ST and before the first ST session. Urinary adiponectin levels changed in the comparison of values before and after the last session. There was a significant increase in the adiponectin levels when comparing values after the first and last ST sessions. The levels of resistin chronically increased. Strength training can induce acute and chronic changes in urinary levels of adipokines.

Effect of Sacubitril/Valsartan and Dapagliflozin on Cardiac Functions and Exercise Capacity of Rats.

Recent studies have demonstrated the positive effects of sacubitril/valsartan and dapagliflozin on cardiac prognosis and performance. These drugs have the potential to be misused as doping agents by professional athletes. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of sacubitril/valsartan and dapagliflozin on athletic performance. In this study, swimming performance was assessed in three groups of rats divided into control, sacubitril/valsartan, and dapagliflozin groups. Echocardiography, weight, and rotarod performance were also evaluated during follow-up. In comparisons between the sacubitril/valsartan and control groups, a statistical difference was observed in the 13th, 19th, and 20th swimming sessions. For total and median swimming times, the P values were 0.115 and 0.015, respectively. In comparisons between the dapagliflozin and control groups, a statistical difference was observed starting from the 10th swimming session, with P values of < 0.001 for both total and median swimming times. In a three-group analysis, statistical differences were observed from the ninth swimming session until the end of the experiment. Additionally, rotarod results showed a significant difference for both sacubitril/valsartan and dapagliflozin compared to baseline (P < 0.001 and P = 0.011, respectively). This study demonstrated a limited positive effect of sacubitril/valsartan on athletic performance, while the impact of dapagliflozin on athletic performance was particularly significant.

Case Report: Case report : Mindfulness training led to catharsis and mindfulness-to-meaning in a patient with social anxiety disorder comorbid with persistent depressive disorder (Dysthymia)

Background The use of mindfulness in the treatment of anxiety and depression is becoming more and more widespread, but there are few reports that it has fundamentally changed patients’ sense of life. Case Presentation This report showed 9 year’s progress of treatment for Social Anxiety Disorder and Persistent Depressive Disorder in a 41-year-old female patient experiencing a long-term painful married life with a reckless husband and controlling mother-in-law. During the past 25 months, she received 180 sessions of mindfulness training, resulting in complete remission of the anxiety and depression symptoms. After the 30th session she experienced an episode of the catharsis during the mindfulness training and experienced what can be called Mindfulness-To-Meaning, which is characterized by durable eudaimonic well-being in the face of adversity. Conclusions The psychological mechanisms that supported arriving at Mindfulness-To-Meaning are delineated as: Heightened (1) awareness which promoted (2) verbalization of the primary theme of suppression, in which the stress was (3) appraised metacognitively. Then (4) decentering permitted integrating this painful theme into a new adaptive self and world view, which resulted in (5) emotional catharsis, or release. Furthermore (6) positive appraisal of this experience enhanced awareness and led to the experience of (7) Mindfulness-To-Meaning.

Effect of Ginger Oil Massage on Joint Pain among Elderly Inmates of Old Age Home: A Quasi-experimental Study

Introduction: Joint pain is widespread among elderly and is usually accompanied by stiffness that increases with daily activities. Ginger has been found to have similar properties to Non Steroidal Antii-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) in reducing pain and inflammation associated with musculoskeletal conditions. Aim: To investigate the effect of ginger oil massage on joint pain in elderly inmates in old age homes. Materials and Methods: The study adopted a quasiexperimental one-group pretest post-test design and the study was conducted in the old age home Bengaluru, Karnataka, India, from October 2020 to April 2021. Purposive sampling technique was used to select 30 inmates of an old age home located in Bangalore and having joint pain with a score of &gt;1 on the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) scale. The demographic proforma and the WOMAC were used to collect the data. A skin test was performed, to check for any sensitivity reactions and massage using ginger essential oil diluted in coconut oil was administered on the knee joint on alternate days, for six sessions extending over a period of two weeks. The post-test was assessed after third and final (6th) session of massage. Repeated Measures (RM) Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was computed to determine the difference in pre and post-test WOMAC scores and a significance level of p&lt;0.05 and a confidence interval of 95% was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference. Results: The mean age of the elderly was 69.500±7.505 years with a range 61-82 years. Repeated measure ANOVA demonstrated a significant difference in the second (13.10±5.38) and first post-test WOMAC scores (14.10±6.19) compared to the mean pretest WOMAC score (37.97±12.83) (F=121.14, p&lt;0.001), indicating that ginger oil massage was effective in reducing joint pain among the elderly. Conclusion: Ginger oil massage resulted in the reduction of knee pain and joint stiffness among elderly and therefore, can be a used as an alternative therapy for the elderly with joint pain.

사별한 30대 초반 여성의 모래놀이치료 사례연구: 부성 콤플렉스 관점에서

This study explored the sandplay therapy case of an early 30’s bereaved woman with focusing on father complex based on analytical psychology and sandplay theories. Client had the problem of relationships and emotional regulation and spiritless. Twenty-seven therapy sessions were held and the interpretation of the therapy process as followed. In the initial phase of therapy(1-5th sessions, neglect, the start of journey), she expressed unhealthy femininity which was a typical phenomenon for the daughter of father complex, neglect during early childhood and the journey of seeking femininity in the right front part of sandbox which was the area of femininity. In the intermediate phase of therapy(6-22nd sessions, seeking mature femininity), boats and shellfish showed the theme of seeking femininity. The image of puella aeterna was disappeared. Old ego seemed to disappear by showing apple trees and rainbow. New consciousness and new viewpoint of seeing others appeared. In the final phase of therapy(23-27th sessions, recovery of relationships), she expressed fruits as affluent energy. The solid self-existence appeared by showing stones. There were harmony, balance and union of the opposites. As a result, with the free of father complex, from the father’s daughter who didn’t experience the rite of passage as an adult properly, as she recovered femininity, her relationships with others were also revitalized. This study showed the effectiveness of sandplay therapy because the client’s understanding toward her parents and others, acceptance and tolerance in a real life with the transformation of inner world were broaden by sandplay therapy in the free and protected space.

진행성 암 29세 청년의 자기실현 사례연구: 모래놀이 상담으로 완화치료

This study is a case of a 29-year-old male diagnosed with advanced cancer (stage 4 colon cancer). The client came for counseling due to anxiety about uncertainty such as surgery, chemotherapy, and fear of death after being diagnosed with cancer. The theory applied self-actualization (individualization process) based on Jung’s analytical psychology. The four stages of self-actualization are for an individual to understand his or her inner world and find the true ‘me’. The first stage (session 6) is ‘differentiation from persona’, the second stage (sessions 7-8) is ‘consciousness of the shadow’. The third stage (sessions 9-13) is ‘fusion with anima’, and the fourth stage (sessions 14-15) is ‘self-actualization (individualization process)’. The client entered a world of light. With 3 months left until death, he integrated tconflicting things in the last 10th session of the sandbox. In this study, the client went to heaven. Through sand play counseling, the client’s anxiety and fear about death were alleviated, and he was able to accept death naturally and comfortably and organize his mind well. The client ended up with a “sacred marriage with death” as the wholeness of self-realization that had meaning.

Therapeutic Utility of Mulligan Traction Straight Leg Raise Stretch and Proprioceptive Exercises in Osteoarthritis Treatment.

Background Given the increasing incidence and severity of knee osteoarthritis (OA), it is crucial to investigate and refine therapeutic approaches. Aim The objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness and potential synergistic effects of proprioceptive exercises combined with Mulligan traction straight leg raise (MT-SLR) in treating OA. This includes improving symptoms such as functional mobility, pain reduction, and relevant serological markers, highlighting the potential of this approach to enhance overall patient outcomes. Methods A pragmatic, community-based, parallel-group, double-blinded, randomized clinical trial was conducted from August 2023 to March 2024. A probability convenience sampling technique was used to calculate the sample size. A total of 130 pre-diagnosed OA patients were randomly assigned to three groups via the lottery method. Group A received proprioceptive exercises, group B received the MT-SLR, and group C received both proprioceptive exercises and MT-SLR. The Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS), Numerical Pain Rating Scale, Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), flexion, CRP, bone electrolytes in blood (calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus), and X-rays were used to quantify pain, stiffness, functional activities, biochemical parameters, and radiographic findings at baseline and after the 24th session. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 23.0 (Released 2015; IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA), with a p-value of <0.05 considered statistically significant. Results Out of the 130 participants, 126 were analyzed at the 24th session, comprising 50 males and 76 females. After 24 sessions, Group C (combined therapy) exhibited the most significant improvements across all parameters (p = 0.000), including flexion range of motion, WOMAC Pain, activities of daily living, stiffness, and PCS, outperforming both Group A (p = 0.011) and Group B (p = 0.005). Group C also demonstrated the greatest reductions in ESR (p < 0.001), CRP (p < 0.001), and IL-6 (p < 0.001), along with the highest improvements in calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus levels (p < 0.005). X-ray assessments revealed that Group C had the most notable joint space recovery, while Group B showed no changes. Conclusions In the treatment of knee OA, proprioceptive exercises have been found to be more effective than the MT-SLR stretch. Given the rising prevalence and severity of knee OA, this study emphasizes the need to explore and refine treatment strategies. The findings indicate that combining MT-SLR with proprioceptive exercises yields superior results compared to either intervention alone. The group receiving the combined therapy showed the most significant improvements across several key measures, including functional mobility, pain reduction, and relevant serological markers, highlighting the potential of this approach to enhance overall patient outcomes. The notable differences in performance between the treatment groups suggest that a more comprehensive, integrative approach to knee OA could lead to better management outcomes.

Low-Level Laser Therapy with Pharmacotherapy in the Management of Myofascial Pain Dysfunction Syndrome with or without Other Temporomandibular Disorders.

Myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome (MPDS) is one of the most important facial muscle disorders comprising signs and symptoms including pain during function, tenderness in the muscles of mastication and restricted jaw movement. The purpose of this study was to assess and compare the effectiveness of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and combination therapy of LLLT and pharmacotherapy in the treatment of myofascial pain with or without other TMD (temporomandibular disorders). Forty patients with MPDS were randomly divided into two groups. Group 1 received LLLT (BiolaseTM; GA-Al-As; 940 nm) in 12 sessions. Group 2 received a combination of LLLT with the drug Aceclofenac 200 mg till the end of the 12th session. Following each session and after two months, the pain intensity, maximum mouth opening, clicking sound and jaw deviation were evaluated in both groups. Data were collected and analysed using the independent t test, Mann-Whitney U test and Friedman test (a = 0.05). Both group 1 and group 2 showed a significant reduction in pain and a significant increase in mouth opening, which was faster in group 2 compared to group 1. Both LLLT and a combination of LLLT and drug therapy are effective in the management of myofascial pain. LLLT + pharmacotherapy combination is more efficient at improving pain and mouth opening.

Effect of virtual reality video application on fistula puncture-associated pain in patients undergoing hemodialysis: Assessor-blinded randomized trial.

To elucidate the effect of virtual reality video application on fistula puncture-associated pain in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Attention controlled and assessor-blinded randomized trial. Attention controlled and assessor-blinded randomized trial was conducted 28 patients at the hemodialysis center of City Hospital. The patients in the intervention group (n = 14) participated in 12 hemodialysis sessions with virtual reality video application under the researcher's supervision. The patients in the control group (n = 14) received a 6-min training session on diet compliance. The Sociodemographic Form and Visual Analog Scale were used to collect data in person at various time points: baseline (t0), during the 1st to 12th hemodialysis sessions (t1-t12), and 1 week after implementation (t13). Virtual reality video application helped in effectively decreasing pain over time, as revealed by significant differences in the measurements at t1-t12 and t13 (p < 0.05). Time-based variations in within-group differences revealed that the median fistula puncture-associated pain values were significantly higher at baseline and t13 measurements in the intervention group (p < 0.05). In contrast, no significant differences were observed in the median fistula puncture-associated pain values in the control group (p < 0.05). In patients undergoing hemodialysis, the application of virtual reality helps decrease fistula puncture-associated pain values. Advances in technology, particularly virtual reality, may play a vital role in shaping the future of healthcare.

Effect of sacubitril/valsartan and dapagliflozin on athletic performance; can the popular cardiac medications of recent years be used as doping agents?

Abstract Background/Introduction Recent guidelines have highlighted the positive impacts of sacubitril/valsartan and dapagliflozin on heart failure management [1]. Given their potential misuse as doping agents in professional sports, this study evaluates their effects on athletic performance. Purpose To investigate the effects of sacubitril/valsartan and dapagliflozin on athletic performance and cardiac functions in a rodent model. Methods The study had a randomized double-blind design. 24 Sprague-Dawley male rats aged 4 months, divided into control, sacubitril/valsartan, and dapagliflozin groups. The rats were weighed at the start of the experiment. The medications (dapagliflozin 1,5 mg/kg/1 ml/once a day, sacubitril/valsartan 60 mg/kg/1 ml/once a day to their respective groups, and normal saline for control group) were administered via gastric gavage for 30 days. The rats were weighed, examined with transthoracic echocardiography and put on rotarod at the start of the experiment, and on 15th and 30th days. The rats were put on forced swimming tests for 20 days. Exhaustion, loss of coordinated movements and failure to surface for 3 seconds after submersion in the water were defined as indications for ending the test as per the guidelines regarding rat exercise testing [2]. M-mode and Doppler measurements, forced swimming test durations, rotarod durations and weight were recorded on 0th, 15th and 30th days. Results Initial performance metrics, including echocardiography, weight, and rotarod tests, showed no significant differences among the groups at baseline. The distributions in data were non-normal. Over the course of the study, median swimming times significantly differed from the 9th session, with dapagliflozin-treated rats exhibiting a substantial increase in endurance. Specifically, dapagliflozin group's swimming times increased to a median of 3580 seconds by the 20th session, compared to 2382 seconds in the control group and 2591 seconds in the sacubitril/valsartan group, indicating a pronounced improvement in exercise capacity (P&amp;lt;0.0001)(Figure-1). Echocardiographic assessments revealed enhanced cardiac output and ejection fraction, particularly in the sacubitril/valsartan group, suggesting increased cardiac efficiency and potential athletic performance enhancement. Conclusion(s) The study demonstrates a significant improvement in athletic performance with dapagliflozin compared to sacubitril/valsartan. These findings suggest a potential for misuse in sports doping, emphasizing the need for stringent regulation and monitoring within competitive athletics.Figure-1

CYRAD: a translational study assessing immune response to radiotherapy by photons or protons in postoperative head and neck cancer patients through circulating leukocyte subpopulations and cytokine levels

BackgroundRadiotherapy has both immunostimulant and immunosuppressive effects, particularly in radiation-induced lymphopenia. Proton therapy has demonstrated potential in mitigating this lymphopenia, yet the mechanisms by which different types of radiation affect the immune system function are not fully characterized. The Circulating Immunes Cells, Cytokines and Brain Radiotherapy (CYRAD) trial aims to compare the effects of postoperative X-ray and proton radiotherapy on circulating leukocyte subpopulations and cytokine levels in patients with head and neck (CNS and ear nose throat) cancer.MethodsCYRAD is a prospective, non-randomized, single-center non interventional study assessing changes in the circulating leukocyte subpopulations and cytokine levels in head and neck cancer patients receiving X-ray or proton radiotherapy following tumor resection. Dosimetry parameters, including dose deposited to organs-at-risk such as the blood and cervical lymph nodes, are computed. Participants undergo 29 to 35 radiotherapy sessions over 40 to 50 days, followed by a 3-month follow-up. Blood samples are collected before starting radiotherapy (baseline), before the 11th (D15) and 30th sessions (D40), and three months after completing radiotherapy. The study will be conducted with 40 patients, in 2 groups of 20 patients per modality of radiotherapy (proton therapy and photon therapy). Statistical analyses will assess the absolute and relative relationship between variations (depletion, recovery) in immune cells, biomarkers, dosimetry parameters and early outcomes.DiscussionPrevious research has primarily focused on radiation-induced lymphopenia, paying less attention to the specific impacts of radiation on different lymphoid and myeloid cell types. Early studies indicate that X-ray and proton irradiation may lead to divergent outcomes in leukocyte subpopulations within the bloodstream. Based on these preliminary findings, this study aims to refine our understanding of how proton therapy can better preserve immune function in postoperative (macroscopic tumor-free) head and neck cancer patients, potentially improving treatment outcomes.Protocol versionVersion 2.1 dated from January 18, 2023.Trial registrationThe CYRAD trial is registered from October 19, 2021, at the US National Library of Medicine, ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT05082961.

Study protocol TransTAM: Transdiagnostic research into emotional disorders and cognitive-behavioral therapy of the adaptive mind

BackgroundEmotional disorders such as depression and anxiety disorders share substantial similarities in their etiology and treatment. In recent decades, these commonalities have been increasingly recognized in classification systems and treatment programs crossing diagnostic boundaries.MethodsTo examine the prospective effects of different transdiagnostic markers on relevant treatment outcomes, we plan to track a minimum of N = 200 patients with emotional disorders during their routine course of cognitive behavioral therapy at two German outpatient clinics. We will collect a wide range of transdiagnostic markers, ranging from basic perceptual processes and self-report measures to complex behavioral and neurobiological indicators, before entering therapy. Symptoms and psychopathological processes will be recorded before entering therapy, between the 20th and 24th therapy session, and at the end of therapy.DiscussionOur results could help to identify transdiagnostic markers with high predictive power, but also provide deeper insights into which patient groups with which symptom clusters are less likely to benefit from therapy, and for what reasons.Trial RegistrationThe trial was preregistered at the German Clinical Trial Register (DRKS-ID: DRKS00031206; 2023–05-09).

대학상담센터 내담자의 조기종결 경험에 대한 질적 연구

This study aimed to find out what factors led to the dropout of college counseling center clients and the impact of dropout on the clients. In-depth interviews were conducted with 11 clients who experienced dropout before the 10th session at the university counseling center, and the data were analyzed using Braun and Clarke's Thematic Analysis method. Four themes, 10 sub-themes, and 26 units of meaning emerged from the data analysis. The themes were 'distrust and anxiety about counseling', 'inappropriate behavior of counselors', 'low counseling competence of counselors', and 'negative perceptions of counseling'. In the dropout experience of university counseling center clients, inappropriate counselor behavior and low counselor competence were found to be the main factors that led to dropout. In addition, the consequences of dropout include rejection of counseling and negative perception changes. The significance of this study is that it discussed the problems and development plans for college counseling centers through the experiences of dropout of college counseling center clients, and presented basic data on them. This will provide a basis for the development of effective counseling and training in the practice of college counseling. Finally, limitations of this study and suggestions for further research were discussed.

영아교사의 부모교육역량 제고를 위한 교사교육 프로그램 개발 및 효과

The purpose of this study is to develop an educational program to enhance the parental education competency of infant teachers so that infant teachers can recognize their role as parental educators and implement parental education in the child care field. To this end, prior research analysis and a demand survey were conducted in the analysis and design stage and 288 teachers in charge of the 2-year-old infant class and 239 parents with 2-year-old children. In the implementation stage, a program (draft) was executed for 10 infant teachers, and in the evaluation stage, the final program was developed by revising and supplementing based on the data collected in the implementation stage. The educational program to enhance the parental education competency of infant teachers aims to enhance the knowledge, skills, and attitudes of teachers, which are the categories of parental education competency of infant teachers, and the educational content was organized by selecting eight topics in connection with the educational goal. Teaching and learning methods are conducted through lectures, field case-oriented discussions, temperament tests, field visits, and role-play activities through cases, and are operated offline for the 8th session (16th session). The results of this study suggest that programs to enhance parental education competency of infant teachers should be actively implemented, and programs that can comprehensively enhance parental education competency are needed.

Marriage and Strategic Confrontation: A Critical Analysis of Indian Society

United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women in General Recommendation no. 21 (the 13th session, 1994) on the declaration of equality between women and men for human rights has discouraged polygamous marriage practices ( https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/recommendations/recomm.htm#top ). Further, the United Nations Human Rights Committee’s assertion in 2000 on the General Assembly of the UN contends about the direct connection of marriage with human dignity and acknowledges only state-approved monogamous marriage can tantamount to social development, by fostering equality, justice and cosmic harmony. On the contrary, polygamous marriage treats humans unequally and subordinates women, following such type of marriages breach the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, recommending the blanket ban of the practice of polygamy. It is significant that treating woman as less than man not only subjugates them but hinders the development of the whole society. To secure social harmony, the state can legislate a rule for all its citizens irrespective of their religion. Notwithstanding, independent Indian Constitutional Laws facilitate monogamy practice on the one hand, and on the other hand allow polygamy as an atypical form of marriage in another personal law. Therefore, in this article, first, I examine the notion of marriage in Indian tradition and then compare Indian marriage standards with the Western approach of monogamy, as a society’s right, as a right to moral independence and as an ethical analogue. Following that, I argue whether contemporary Indian society’s legislation on marriage fits into Western standards or triggers a strategic confrontation.

The Release of Lipolytic Hormones during Various High-Intensity Interval and Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training Regimens and Their Effects on Fat Loss.

To investigate the release of lipolytic hormones during various high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT), and their effects on fat loss. 39 young women categorized as obese (with a body fat percentage (BFP) ≥30%) were randomly allocated to one of the following groups: all-out sprint interval training (SIT, n =10); supramaximal HIIT (HIIT120, 120%V̇O2peak, n = 10); HIIT (HIIT90, 90%V̇O2peak, n = 10), or MICT, (60%V̇O2peak, n = 9) for a twelve-week observation period consisting of 3 to 4 exercise sessions per week. Serum epinephrine (EPI) and growth hormone (GH) were measured during the 1st, 20th, and 44th training sessions. Body weight (BW), body mass index (BMI), whole-body fat mass (FM) and BFP were assessed pre- and post-intervention. Following the 1st and 20th sessions, significant increases in EPI (p < 0.05) were observed post-exercise in HIIT120 and HIIT90, but not in SIT and MICT. In the 44th session, the increased EPI was found in SIT, HIIT120, and HIIT90, but not in MICT (p < 0.05). For the GH, a significant increase was observed post-exercise in all groups in the three sessions. The increased EPI and GH returned to baselines 3 hours post-exercise. After the 12-week intervention, significant reductions in FM and BFP were found in all groups, while reductions in BW and BMI were only found in the SIT and HIIT groups. Greater reductions in FM and BFP, in comparison to MICT, were observed in the SIT and HIIT groups (p < 0.05). 12-week SIT, HIIT120, and HIIT90, in comparison to MICT, were more efficacious in fat reduction in obese women, partly benefiting from the greater release of lipolytic hormones during training sessions.

The Comparison of 940nm and 810nm Diode Laser Effects on the Repair of Inferior Alveolar Sensory Nerve Injury: A Clinical Trial.

Healing of the inferior alveolar nerve injury during dental procedures is one of the biggest concerns of dentists. There are still debates on different treatment modalities. This study aimed to compare the effect of 940nm and 810nm diode lasers on the repair of the inferior alveolar sensory nerve. In this single-blinded randomized clinical trial, 39 patients with inferior alveolar nerve injury were divided into three groups: 1. 810nm laser irradiated, 2. 940nm laser irradiated, and 3. No laser irradiation (control group). All patients were treated in 12 sessions (3 days per week) and evaluated using a complete clinical neurosensory test (CNT), including brushstroke, 2-point discrimination, pinprick nociception, and thermal discrimination before and after treatment. The mean dysesthesia of the patient treated with 810nm diode laser was significantly lower than the control group in all sessions (the 1st (p= 0.003), 3rd (p= 0.008), 7th (p= 0.006), and 12th sessions (p= 0.005)). The 810nm laser resulted in more satisfaction in patients than the control group in almost all sessions (1st (p< 0.001), 7th (p= 0.028), and 12th (p= 0.006)). More patient satisfaction was seen in the 1st and 3rd sessions in the 810nm laser than in the 980nm laser (p< 0.001 and p= 0.003, respectively). 810nm diode laser can be better than 940nm in repairing inferior alveolar sensory nerve damage.

Disentangling between- and within-patients effects of emotion regulation on outcome in naturalistic psychotherapy.

The aim of this study was to disaggregate the between-patient and within-patient effects of emotion regulation (ER) on treatment outcome and explore relevant trait-like moderators of the within-patient effects. Three hundred thirty-nine patients with heterogenous clinical conditions were admitted to psychotherapy at a clinical center. During the intake evaluation, patients completed the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems, the Outcome Questionnaire 30, and the State Difficulties of Emotion Regulation Scale. Subsequently, patients responded to the Outcome Questionnaire 30 and State Difficulties of Emotion Regulation Scale every session for the initial five sessions, followed by assessments every two sessions until the 15th session and then every four sessions until the end of treatment. Multilevel models revealed significant between- and within-patient effects of ER on clinical distress. That is, patients with lower average levels of ER difficulties showed greater benefit from treatment, and lower ER difficulties over the course of treatment were associated with lower clinical distress. Furthermore, interactive models demonstrated that lower average levels of ER throughout treatment and fewer interpersonal problems at the beginning of treatment were associated with better treatment outcome. These findings provide evidence supporting the role of ER as a mechanism of change. The interaction between trait-like components and state-like fluctuations of ER suggests a capitalization model for the role of ER in psychotherapy. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).