12th Five-Year Research Articles

Evolution of China's NOx emission control strategy during 2005∼2020 over coal-fired power plants: A satellite-based assessment

Since especially the 12th Five-Year Plan (2011–2015), China has made great efforts to reverse the increasing trend of NOx emissions through end-of-pipe measures. With the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) level 2 swath product of tropospheric NO2, this study explores the temporal-spatial patterns of NOx concentrations over China's coal-fired power plants from 2005 to 2020 and investigates the evolution of its control strategy. The nationwide deployment of flue-gas denitration facilities was a critical measure to mitigate NOx emissions from coal-fired power plants, while this study externally assesses the implementation gap of their operation. Our results illustrate that, besides the impacts of economic cycles, China's control strategy experienced a dramatic transformation from an ad hoc campaign style for meeting short-term temporary targets to more sustainable, technology- and governance-centered institutional arrangements for ensuring long-term fundamental solutions. Furthermore, the satellite-based assessment may provide not only ex post evaluation, but also in-time and independent data for more effective and efficient environmental compliance monitoring.

Analysis of the development course of traditional Chinese medicine standardization and recommendations on future work

This paper systematically reviews the development course of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) standardization. Based on the characteristics of TCM standardization at different stages, the development course can be divided into 3 stages, namely the “initial development stage” (from the 1980s to the “10th Five-Year Plan” period), the “rapid development stage” (from the “11th Five-Year Plan” period to the “13th Five-Year Plan” period), and the “high-quality development stage” (from the “14th Five-Year Plan” period to the present). The “initial development stage” is characterized by the emergence of awareness regarding TCM standardization, the initial exploration of TCM standardization, and a gradual but slow progress in development. During the “rapid development stage,” relevant government departments began integrating TCM standardization into development plans, resulting in the extensive development of the TCM standard system and its supporting structures. Since the commencement of the “high-quality development stage,” TCM standardization has progressively shifted from a quantity-oriented model to 1 emphasizing quality and efficiency. Overall, TCM standardization has made remarkable progress after more than 40 years of development. However, it still faces various challenges, including unbalanced development in the standard system, the need for improvement in the development quality of group standards, and insufficient levels of promotion and application. It is recommended to further enhance the formulation of national and industry TCM standards, implement relevant management measures, promote the innovative implementation and application of TCM standards, establish an integrated, comprehensive service platform for TCM standards, and strengthen the talent training for TCM standardization.

Research on Characteristics of Economic Development and Environmental Pollution in Typical Energy Regions

The data on economic development quality and environmental pollution intensity from 2001 to 2021 was selected by taking Shanxi province, a typical energy region of the country, as the research object was analyzed in the evolution characteristics of economic development quality and environmental pollution intensity in Shanxi province over the past two decades by using linear regression, numerical fitting, and Pearson correlation coefficient, and was explored on their mutual relationship. The results show that Shanxi province has made long-term progress in economic development since 2001, with GDP increasing nearly 10 times and maintaining an average annual growth of about 7%. The main pollutants in the last 20 show a trend of steady change, first ascending and then descending, with the turning point occurring in the 12th Five-Year Plan period (2011–2015), which shows that the environmental policies and investments made by China and Shanxi governments in the last 10 years of the new era have taken effect. The results of the numerical fitting curve suggest that the per capita GDP shows a classical inverted “U” curve relationship with wastewater and SO2 emissions, respectively. The turning point occurs at around 20,000 yuan per capita GDP, while the relationship between chemical oxygen demand and ammonia nitrogen emissions is monotonically decreasing. The relationship with solid waste generation is monotonically increasing without the turning point. The results of the correlation analysis further supported the conclusion of the fitted curve.

Historical Trends and Driving Forces of River Water Quality Improvement in the Megacity Shenzhen, China

The water quality of urban rivers in China has undergone significant improvement since the 13th Five-Year Plan period (2016–2020). Among these, urban rivers in Shenzhen are the most representative. Assessing historical trends and analyzing the driving forces of river water quality improvement is of great importance and provides valuable insights. This study selects two typical watersheds, Maozhou River and Longgang River, to explore how water quality trends link with water control projects in Shenzhen from 2003 to 2020. The historical trends were evaluated using a recently developed index called WQI-DET, which considers DO, COD, NH3-N, TP, and anionic surfactants. Results showed that both rivers were seriously polluted before 2010 and gradually improved during the 12th Five-Year Plan period. After 2010, the water quality improved rapidly thanks to the environmental remediation of the mainstream, especially the interception project of Longgang River around 2010, and the Maozhou River interception project in 2015. The rainwater and sewage diversion renovation project mainly contributed to meeting the standards for Class IV water bodies during the 13th Five-Year Plan period. This study reveals the semi-quantitative link between comprehensive water quality improvement and pollution control engineering measures. It is a helpful review for Shenzhen and provides a useful reference for other cities.

Can regional joint prevention and control of atmospheric reduce border pollution? Evidence from China's 12th Five-Year Plan on air pollution

Border pollution is usually a difficult problem in environmental governance. Based on the data at the county level in China from 2005 to 2019, this study takes the 12th Five-Year Plan (FYP) for atmospheric pollution as a policy shock, and uses the difference-in-differences (DID) method to explore the impact of regional joint prevention and control (JPC) of atmospheric pollution policy on air pollution of the border regions. Empirical results show that: (1) After implementing the JPC of atmospheric pollution policy, the PM2.5 concentration in the border regions is reduced by 3.5%. (2) The mechanism analysis shows that there is a spillover effect in the governing behaviors of local governments. In the border areas under low economic growth pressure and high environmental protection pressure, the reduction effect of the JPC of atmospheric pollution policy is more significant on the PM2.5 concentration of the border regions. The research conclusions have new insights into the role and effect of macro-regional environmental JPC policy and border pollution control, and provide practical guidance for social green governance.

Spatiotemporal patterns and drivers of carbon emissions from municipal solid waste treatment in China

Reducing carbon emissions from municipal solid waste (MSW) treatment is non-negligible for China to meet its “carbon peaking and carbon neutrality” targets. It is critical to objectively evaluate the spatiotemporal patterns and drivers of carbon emissions from MSW treatment. This study estimates the carbon emissions from MSW treatment across 30 Chinese provinces from 2011 to 2020. The joint approach LMDI-PDA model is further used to refine the impact of policy on carbon emission changes from technical and efficiency perspectives, while considering the socio-economic factors. The results showed that carbon emissions from MSW treatment grew significantly until peaking at 202.05Mt CO2e in 2017 and then stabilized, finally dropping to 165.10 Mt CO2e in 2020 due to the impact of COVID-19. Compared with the “12th Five-Year Plan” period, the MSW emissions intensity declined significantly during the “13th Five-Year Plan” period, indicating the effective implementation of waste emission control measures. Furthermore, the slowdown in the growth of national emissions was primarily driven by technological advances in waste treatment. Technical efficiency change effect, MSW generation intensity effect, economic scale effect, and population scale effect impeded national emissions decline. Since the performance of various drivers varied greatly in different provinces, a cluster analysis was conducted to provide policy recommendations in provinces with similar characteristics. Both the methods and results of this study can provide better decision-making support for national and provincial carbon emissions control policies targeting MSW treatment.

China’s Green Total Factor Energy Efficiency Assessment Based on Coordinated Reduction in Pollution and Carbon Emission: From the 11th to the 13th Five-Year Plan

As the world’s largest energy consumer, China is facing multiple pressures to conserve energy, mitigate pollution and reduce carbon emissions. An objective and scientific assessment of green total factor energy efficiency (GTFEE) is an important prerequisite for achieving energy conservation, emission reduction and low carbon development. In this research, a non-radial data envelopment analysis (DEA) is conducted to assess the GTFEE in China, while the issue of climate and air pollution from energy use is considered in the assessment system. We use different indicators to refer to air pollutants, which provides a reference for related research in indicator selection. The results show that different indicators have different inefficiency values, but changes in the indicators have a minimal effect on the inefficiency values of the other constant indicators. We also assess the GTFEE for the last three five-year plan periods to inform future policy development. The results show that China’s average annual GTFEE exhibits a unique trend in each five-year plan period, with an overall “v” shaped trend. The annual average GTFEE of different regions also varies. The other changes in the rankings of the provinces are mainly concentrated in the 11th to 12th Five-Year Plan period.

Guanghua Wu (chief editor). The Century Chinese-English Dictionary (Two volumes)

The Century Chinese-English Dictionary (《世纪汉英大辞典》, henceforth TCCED) edited by the veteran Chinese lexicographer Wu Guanghua is a new large-size comprehensive general dictionary which boasts over 800,000 entries. TCCED has been funded by China’s ‘National Plan for the Compilation and Publication of Lexicographical Works (2013-2025)’. As one of the ‘nationally important books’ listed in China’s 12th Five-Year Plan (2011-2015), TCCED has inherited merits of Wu’s previous Chinese-English dictionaries such as Chinese-English Dictionary (1993, 1999), A Comprehensive Chinese-English Dictionary (2004, henceforth CCED), and The Chinese-English Dictionary (2010, third edition of Chinese-English Dictionary, henceforth TCED3), and its compilers have incorporated new features into the dictionary proper. The target users are not indicated in TCCED. On October 23, 2021, Zhu Yajun and Xu Ling with the dictionary publisher delivered a report entitled ‘On the Characteristics of The Century Chinese-English Dictionary’ at the 14th Symposium of the Commission of Bilingual Lexicography, the Lexicographical Society of China. Zhu and Xu pointed out the target users of the said dictionary, including translators, CFL (Chinese as a Foreign Language) learners, teachers, and researchers. The dictionary is also intended for foreign users who wish to know about Chinese history, culture, and life. Wang and Wu (2017: 157) summarized their main compilatory principle as user-friendliness. Considering the broad target users of TCCED, this reviewer focuses on the user-friendliness of the dictionary to its users, and translators in particular. Features of the dictionary in the inclusion and translation of entries, and exemplification that would be useful to translators are discussed in Sections 1 to 3 below while deficiencies in these aspects are addressed in Section 4. Several other representative major Chinese-English dictionaries (henceforth C-E dictionaries) are used to make comparisons with TCCED. These include the second edition of New Age Chinese-English Dictionary by Pan (2014, henceforth NACED2), the second edition of New Century Chinese-English Dictionary by Du (2016, henceforth NCCED2), and the above-mentioned CCED and TCED3.

A STUDY ON IMPACT OF SHGs ON WOMEN'S FINANCIAL INCLUSION

The Indian government has made it a priority to guarantee that all residents have access to fundamental financial services ever since the start of the 12th Five-Year Plan (2012-17). Financial inclusion is demonstrated by having access to inexpensive insurance, credit, and basic savings accounts. This is crucial for the disadvantaged and marginalised elements of society. The central and state governments have introduced a number of initiatives to support financial inclusion, including the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana, Business Correspondent and Business Facilitator Model, Branchless Banking, Kisan Credit Card, Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana, Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana, Self Help Groups, and many others. The core of Financial Inclusion's aim is to provide financial services to the enormous underserved population because doing so will enable the nation to reach its full growth potential. The implementation of the SHG plan in the Ahmedabad District, how it has changed people' saving practises, and how PMJDY has influenced these patterns will all be examined in this study. The 594 SHG members in this Gujarati village who were willing to take part in this primary data research were chosen at random. The researchers performed a number of statistical tests, including the one-sample test, the chi-square test, and the paired two-tailed test.

Can carbon emission trading pilot policy drive industrial structure low-carbon restructuring: new evidence from China.

Industrial structure low-carbon restructuring is an essential channel to accelerate China's economic growth and fulfilling carbon emission reduction goals. Whether carbon emission trading pilot policy, as an influential carbon reduction instrument, fosters industrial structure low-carbon restructuring is of major significance to green economic development. This paper empirically investigates the shock of the carbon emission trading pilot policy on industrial structure low-carbon restructuring using the differences-in-differences (DID) and synthetic control method (SCM). Statistics reveal that sectors with low carbon productivity, such as electricity, steam, and hot water production and supply, ferrous metal smelting and pressing, etc., and sectors with high carbon productivity, such as electrical equipment and machinery, electronics and telecommunication equipment, etc. The industrial structure did not develop a stable trend of change before the 12th Five-Year Plan, but a stable trend of low-carbon restructuring emerged after such a period. Carbon emission trading pilot policy significantly facilitates industrial structural low-carbon restructuring. Carbon emission trading pilot policy inhibits energy-intensive industries in the industrial sector significantly, which promotes industrial structure low-carbon restructuring. Therefore, policymakers need to develop a nationwide carbon emission trading market that includes more industries to guide production factors to industrial sectors with high carbon productivity for industrial restructuring and dual carbon goals.

Anthropogenic NOx Emission Estimations over East China for 2015 and 2019 Using OMI Satellite Observations and the New Inverse Modeling System CIF-CHIMERE

The Chinese government introduced regulations to control emissions and reduce the level of NOx pollutants for the first time with the 12th Five-Year Plan in 2011. Since then, the changes in NOx emissions have been assessed using various approaches to evaluate the impact of the regulations. Complementary to the previous studies, this study estimates anthropogenic NOx emissions in 2015 and 2019 over Eastern China using as a reference the Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution (HTAP) v2.2 emission inventory for 2010 and the new variational inversion system the Community Inversion Framework (CIF) interfaced with the CHIMERE regional chemistry transport model and OMI satellite observations. We also compared the estimated NOx emissions with the independent Multi-resolution Emission Inventory for China (MEIC) v1.3, from 2015. The inversions show a slight global decrease in NOx emissions (in 2015 and 2019 compared to 2010), mainly limited to the most urbanized and industrialized locations. In the locations such as Baotou, Pearl River Delta, and Wuhan, the estimations in 2015 compared to 2010 are consistent with the target reduction (10%) of the 12th Five-Year Plan. Comparisons between our emission estimates and MEIC emissions in 2015 suggest that our estimates likely underestimate the emission reductions between 2010 and 2015 in the most polluted locations of Eastern China. However, our estimates suggest that the MEIC inventory overestimates emissions in regions where MEIC indicates an increase of the emissions compared to 2010.

Fast Recognition on Shallow Groundwater and Anomaly Analysis Using Frequency Selection Sounding Method

The validity of the frequency selection method (FSM) in shallow (<150 m) groundwater exploration was illustrated by practical applications, and the relationship between potential electrode spacing MN and groundwater depth in FSM sounding method was analyzed and preliminary theoretical research was carried out by a simple geologic-geophysical model of sphere. Firstly, under the combined action of horizontal alternating electric field and alternating magnetic field, a simplified geophysical model of low resistivity conductive sphere in homogeneous half space was established, and the forward calculation was performed on the FSM sounding curve. Then, the water yield of 131 wells in the application of FSM in the Rural Drinking Water Safety Project of 12th Five-Year Plan in Guangxi Province was counted. In addition, detailed tabular statistical analysis was carried out on the drilling results of 98 drilling wells, and the relationship between potential electrode spacing MN at abnormal sounding curve and actual drilling water depth was compared and studied. Theoretical analysis and practical application show that FSM has obvious effectiveness in shallow groundwater exploration, and it is an effective method to determine shallow groundwater well locations in the future. The cause of FSM anomaly is the comprehensive effect of the natural 3D alternating electromagnetic signal underground. At the same time, the practical statistics show that there is 1:1 approximation between the size of potential electrode spacing MN at the anomaly curve of the frequency selection method and the actual drilling water depth, which verifies the correctness of the theoretical simulation results. FSM could be widely used in the shallow groundwater exploration in the future, and it is an effective, non-destructive, fast, and low-cost geophysical method.

The Driving Force of CO2 Reduction in China’s Industries

<p>We employ the joint production decomposition model to conduct a full decomposition of CO2 emission among 36 industrial sectors in China from 1998 to 2011, under the framework of growth accounting. The results show that: (1) the average CO2 emission increases at an annual rate of 3.01%, and production technology progression is the main driving force, while the transformation toward clean production effectively curb the rapid growth of CO2 emissions; (2) the effect of technology changes on CO2 emission is larger during the "10th Five-Year Plan" compared with the "11th Five-Year Plan", which makes the annual growth rate of CO2 emission during the "11th Five-Year Plan" 1% lower than its counterpart; This study has important theoretical and practical significance for understanding the driving factors of CO2 emission and the corresponding emission reduction measures.</p>

Research on the Effect of Pinduoduo's Agricultural Support and Poverty Alleviation in China

Upon the implementation of the 12th Five-Year Plan, our government gives great impetus to the poverty alleviation via Internet plus agriculture and e-commerce. With the popularization of rural Internet and the improvement of e-commerce related infrastructure, the project has achieved certain results. Pinduoduo is a typical case company of e-commerce poverty alleviation, because it actively responds to the national call, vigorously participates in the cause of poverty alleviation and agricultural support, uses its own advantages of e-commerce sales, integrates the entire chain including the source purchase of agricultural products, logistics distribution, consumer terminal services, and solves the problems of agricultural production and sales in remote mountainous areas, so as to support the local agricultural development, improve the local economic level, and give assistance to the government eliminate the poor population. This paper takes Pinduoduo as a case analysis object to analyze the motivation, mode and effect of poverty alleviation through Pinduoduo, and puts forward conclusions and suggestions based on personal research results.

Spatiotemporal Characteristics of Dissolved Oxygen and Control Mechanism of Hypoxia (Low Oxygen) in the Watershed-Coastal System in Fujian Province

Dissolved oxygen is a key parameter to measure water environment quality and ecosystem health. Currently, the problem of hypoxia (low oxygen) is prominent in coastal areas in China, but there is a lack of research on the spatiotemporal characteristics of dissolved oxygen and the control mechanism of hypoxia in the watershed-coastal system. Based on the data of 135 surface water (including estuaries) and 66 coastal water monitoring sites in Fujian Province from 2011 to 2020, this study analyzed the spatiotemporal variation pattern of dissolved oxygen at seasonal and interannual time scales. The data of hypoxia (10% quantile, corresponding to 67% saturation) were selected to study the characteristics and control mechanism of hypoxia in four types of water bodies (i.e., rivers, reservoirs, estuaries, and coastal waters) using mathematical statistics and a random forest model. The results showed that the dissolved oxygen saturation was the highest in the coast[(98.2±10.2)%] and the lowest in the estuary[(79.2±17.9)%]. Compared with that in the 12th Five-Year Plan (2011-2015), the frequency of hypoxia detection in rivers and reservoirs in the 13th Five-Year Plan (2016-2020) was significantly reduced, but the change in estuaries was not significant. Counting the points with hypoxia detection, the multi-year average hypoxia detection frequency of rivers and reservoirs was highest in autumn, and the frequency of estuaries was highest in summer. Hypoxia in reservoirs and estuaries was the most prominent but with different mechanisms. Specifically, hypoxia in reservoir reaches was related to summer runoff carrying large amounts of organic matter input, stratification leading to continuous oxygen depletion in the bottom water, and vertical mixing or discharge through dams in autumn, whereas hypoxia in estuaries was associated with strong pollution inputs and reductive materials. Systematic management and regionalized control mechanisms need to be established to further strengthen watershed-coastal pollution abatement to help mitigate eutrophication and hypoxia problems.

Evolution and Future Prospects of Education Evaluation Research in China over the Last Decade

With the popularity of educational evaluation studies, researchers have begun to mine text data to provide helpful information for educational stakeholders. Despite the frequent adoption of textual analysis, few studies have been found to search and analyze data from research projects. As the highest-level and most authoritative research projects in China, the Chinese National Education Science Planning projects could fully reflect the research fronts and hotspots in the field. This study examines the educational evaluation projects in the Chinese National Education Science Planning from 2011 to 2020, adopting bibliometric, textual analysis, and visualization methods to present an overview of the educational evaluation research in China. The results have revealed a steady growth of projects on educational evaluation in China as there were 219 projects approved during the 13th Five-Year Plan period, 68 more than that of the 12th Five-Year Plan period, and accounted for 9.00% of the total number of projects launched in the same period. The educational evaluation project organizations are diversified, including universities, scientific research institutions, primary and secondary schools, administrative departments, educational societies, and publishing units. The research trends focus on the close integration of educational evaluation with informatization, needs in educational practice, and national strategic development. This study offers an applicable methodology and framework for the future bibliometric study of educational evaluation.

Analysis of Economic Efficiency and Influencing Factors of Urban Construction Land in Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei under Carbon Emission Constraints

This paper explores the spatial and temporal variability and changes in characteristics of the economic efficiency of urban construction land (EEUCL) in 14 administrative regions in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) urban agglomeration from 2002 to 2019, based on the super-efficiency SBM-DEA model and Malmquist index, using carbon emissions as the non-desired output. On this basis, the Tobit model is used to study the role of nine external environmental factors, such as the level of socioeconomic development and industrial structure, in influencing the EEUCL. The results indicate that (1) carbon emissions from urban construction land in Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei have all reached their peak, and the growth rate has slowed down significantly in the past two years, although there has been a slight rebound; (2) from the 10th Five-Year Plan period to the 13th Five-Year Plan period, Beijing has maintained a high level of EEUCL and the trend is slowly increasing. However, the EEUCL values of Tianjin and Hebei are gradually declining; (3) the socio-economic development level, industrial structure, and green economy development level have a significant positive impact on the EEUCL in the BTH region, while the urban scale, scientific and technical support intensity, outward opening level and population density have significant negative effects.

Research on the layout of primary control network and new measurement method for the HIAF survey and alignment

HIAF (High Intensity heavy ion Accelerator Facility) is one of the major national science and technology infrastructure projects in the “12th Five-Year Plan” undertaken by the Institute of Modern Physics, CAS. The primary control network, as the basic framework of the local coordinate system control of the particle accelerator, is the basis for calculating the coordinates in the process of accelerator construction and implementation, and plays a very important role in the survey and alignment during the construction period and the maintenance and monitoring during the operation period. Based on the multi-dissimilar design structure of HIAF and the unique geological conditions of the construction area, a new high-density layout method of the primary control network and a high-precision 3D(three-dimensional) measurement method were studied, and were successfully applied to the survey and alignment of HIAF. Inside and outside the accelerator tunnel, a high-density 3D primary control network that can form a full envelope for the accelerator beam is respectively laid out. All primary control networks are embedded in the bedrock layer with stainless steel reference inner cylinder and outer protective cylinder, and special waterproof filling layer is set up. All primary control network points in the accelerator tunnel are equipped with measuring intervisible holes and measurement platforms that can directly perform 3D measurements on the ground. By setting up the laser tracker on the horizontal attitude of the measurement platform, the 3D coordinates of the primary control network points inside and outside the accelerator tunnel can be measured directly and with high precision, and the simultaneous adjustment of the measurement data can be completed. The HIAF primary control network layout and measurement method proposed in this paper overcomes the problems of heavy pile foundation, poor crack resistance and poor water seepage resistance of the primary control network laid by the traditional method and solves the problem that the traditional primary control network must separate the plane network and the elevation network for independent measurement. The traditional method of tunnel point and forced centering measurement is avoided. By using a laser tracker to directly measure the 3D coordinates of the primary control network points inside and outside the tunnel, the measurement efficiency and measurement accuracy of the primary control network are improved, and the reliability of primary control network measurements is increased. The feasibility and correctness of the HIAF primary control network layout and measurement method are verified by comparing the actual multi-system measurement results in the field. This method has a certain reference value for the layout of the primary control network of the same type of accelerator.

How to promote the development of a green economy: Talent or technology?-Evidence from China's high-speed rail.

The green economy is essential in supporting sustainable economic development and relies on talents and technologies. From the perspective of traditional economic theory, this study explores the impact of high-speed rail and innovation on the green economy from the perspectives of talent and technology. Using the data of 281 prefecture-level cities in China from 2008 to 2018, this study constructs empirical models to discuss the driving factors of the green economy. Empirical results show that high-speed rail and innovation can promote the development of a green economy, and the opening of high-speed rail can strengthen the positive association between innovation and a green economy. The accessibility of high-speed rail improves the flow of talent between different cities and greatly stimulates the positive impact of innovation on green economic activities. In the further test, this study explores the impact of high-speed rail and innovation on the green economy from different dimensions, including government policy, economic strength, and administrative level. During China’s 12th Five-Year Plan, high-speed rail and innovation had a positive impact on the green economy, but the impact of innovation can still be significant after this period. Moreover, the opening of high-speed rail may motivate the migration of talents from developed cities to developing ones, while developed cities can rely on technological advantages to support green economic activities. Furthermore, low-administrative level cities will rely on attracting more talents to promote a green economy due to technological disadvantages. Innovation can play a critical role in enhancing the green economy of cities with high administrative levels. Talents and technology are both important to green economic activities, and the construction of high-speed rail changes the impact of technology on the green economy through the flow of talent. Our findings can explain why the opening of high-speed rail can promote the development of a green economy and effectively help governments achieve the goal of sustainable development.

Coverage of Maternal & Child Health Services by the Beneficiaries Residing in an Urban Poor Locality, Bengaluru

Introduction: Under the National Population Policy-2000, National Health Policy-2002, 10th Five-Year Plan, and Reproductive and Child Health-2 Programme, the maternal and child health (MCH) services of the urban poor have been recognized as an important thrust area for the country's development. Objective: The objective is to assess the MCH services coverage and utilization provided by the government. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted during October 2015–November 2016 in the eight urban poor localities falling under the urban field practice area of the medical college in Bengaluru. Using the probability proportional to population size, a total of 2540 beneficiaries meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria were included in the study. Data were collected using pretested semistructured pro forma by interview method and analyzed using appropriate inferential and descriptive statistics. Results: Around 83.3% of subjects had registered their pregnancy within 12 weeks. Majority (83.1%) of women delivered in the government hospital and 7.2% had complications following delivery. Around 56.8% of women had practiced one of the family planning methods (couple protection rate of 56.8%). Most of the women 67% had utilized MCH services in the past 6 months and 74.5% utilized services from the government health facility. The utilization of MCH services was mainly by subjects of the Muslim religion, nuclear families, literates, and unemployed and on applying Z-test this difference was statistically significant. Conclusion: Coverage of MCH services was not satisfactory. There is a statistically significant difference in the utilization based on religion, type of family, literacy, and employment.