Minute Run Research Articles

Evaluation of the Annual Physical Training Examination and Possible Suggestions for Change in the Endurance Discipline of Running

The annual examination is an integral part of the physical training system of a soldier of the Army of the Czech Republic, which assesses his physical fitness. This assessment provides dual feedback - it informs examinees of how they are performing against normative tables and each other, and at the same time, gives commanders an idea of the current physical fitness of their subordinates. This thesis focuses on the endurance event of the 12-minute run (also known as the Cooper test). Based on data from 2011 to 2021 and nearly 50,000 evaluated tests, the potential effects of age on soldiers' physical performance and appropriate adjustments to individual age limits were examined. The analysis showed that the difficulty setting for achieving the same rating differs for both genders and that there is a different decline in physical performance with increasing age than reflected in current norms. Based on these analyses, a proposal for modifications to the annual physical training test was developed and is appended to this paper.

Effect of Concurrent Training on Selected Physical Fitness of Male Middle Distance Runners

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of concurrent training on cardiorespiratory endurance, flexibility and speed on male middle distance runners. The study employed experimental research design. All 26 Awuscod male middle distance runners were taken with EG and CG and divided randomly into two equal groups. Both the (EG= 13) and (CG= 13) had taken PT and POT of 12-minute run test, sit-reach test, and 30 meter acceleration test to assess cardiorespiratory endurance, flexibility and speed respectively.EG participated in additional 10 weeks concurrent interventions. While, the CG continued with their usual training The data collected from the study subject were analyzed using SPSS version 25 software by using descriptive statistics (mean and SD) and inferential statistics (paired t-test and independent t-test) with level of significant 0.05. The results showed concurrent training has significantly improved cardiorespiratory endurance and speed on EG (p<0.05). But no significant difference was observed in flexibility. Furthermore, no more significant differences were found in all of the variables in CG (p>0.05). Based on this finding, it can be concluded that concurrent training has a positive impact on the improvement of cardiorespiratory endurance and speed. Therefore, concurrent training is suggested for middle distance runners to improve physical fitness for athletic performance.

Effect of Concurrent Training on Selected Physical Fitness of Middle Distance Runners

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of concurrent training on cardiorespiratory endurance, flexibility, and speed in middle distance runners. The study used an experimental research design. All twenty-six (26) Awuscod middle-distance-Runners were given EG and CG and randomly separated in two equal groups. Both (EG= 13) and (CG= 13) completed PT and POT of the 12-minute run test, sit-reach test, and 30-meter acceleration test to assess cardiorespiratory endurance, flexibility, and speed, respectively EG participated in an additional ten weeks of concurrent treatments While the CG conducted their routine training. The data gathered from the study subject were analyzed using SPSS Version 25 Software, using descriptive statistics (mean and SD) and inferential statistics (paired t-test and independent) and Ten weeks of concurrent training significantly enhanced cardiorespiratory endurance and speed (p<0.05). But no significant variation was observed in flexibility. Furthermore, no significant differences have been observed in any of the CG-Factors (p>0.05). Based on these findings, it is possible to conclude that 10 weeks of simultaneous exercise improve cardiorespiratory endurance and speed of physical fitness components. As a result, the study recommended that runners incorporate concurrent training in their middle distance athletic-training- program to improve their cardiorespiratory endurance und speed.

Impact of Aerobic Conditioning on Endurance and Agility in Ball Badminton Players of Mumbai

Abstract: This study explores the effects of systematic aerobic conditioning on the endurance and agility of ball badminton players in the Mumbai region. Utilizing a controlled experimental design, 60 male and female players, aged 18-25, were divided into two groups: an experimental group receiving aerobic conditioning three times a week, and a control group following traditional training routines. The aerobic regimen included activities such as running, high-intensity interval training (HIIT), and circuit training, each tailored to enhance cardiovascular fitness and muscular endurance. Pre- and post-intervention assessments over a 12-week period involved the Cooper 12-minute run test for endurance, and the Illinois Agility Test for agility. Results indicated significant improvements in the experimental group compared to the control group. Specifically, the experimental group showed an average increase of 15% in the distance covered during the Cooper test, and a decrease in completion time by an average of 4.2 seconds in the Illinois Agility Test. These findings suggest that aerobic conditioning notably enhances both the endurance and agility of ball badminton players. The improvement in physical capacities likely contributes to better in-game performance, suggesting that integrating aerobic conditioning into regular training schedules could be beneficial for competitive ball badminton players in regions similar to Mumbai.

Influence of running on incidental and integral vitality and fatigue: An intensive longitudinal intervention in young Women's daily life.

Exercise intensity and perceived autonomy are important factors for the affective response toward exercise and adherence. Dual-mode theory suggests an inverted-J response curve of affect with increased exercise intensity, but little is known about how different running programs affect the affective response and subsequent incidental affect in daily life. This ambulatory assessment study examines the short- to long-term effects of two 8-week running interventions (affect-based vs. polarized-prescribed) on subjective vitality and perceived fatigue in young female novices. Participants engaged in 3 × 30 minute running sessions weekly in their natural environments and completed electronic diaries three times daily. Autoregressive multilevel models indicate small effects of training intensity on immediate affective subjective vitality (ß = -2.37; p= .03; f2= 0.02) but negligible non-significant effects on fatigue (ß = 0.26; p= 0.12; f2= 0.002). Novices experienced increased vitality throughout the day when their running was evaluated positively (ß = 0.23; p= .03; f2= 0.04), with effects lasting over two days before returning to baseline (ß = -0.26; p< .001; f2= 0.004). However, no significant long-term effects were observed over 8 weeks in vitality or fatigue. Results indicate between- and within-person variations, but limited sample power does not allow differentiating between programs. This study supports the dual-mode theory and highlights the importance of distinguishing affective response from incidental affect.

Aerobic Endurance - Finding Optimal Rowing Ergometer Settings to Match Physiological Demands of Running

Assessing aerobic endurance is crucial for evaluating fitness levels, with the Cooper 12-minute test widely recognized as a benchmark. However, indoor rowing on the Concept2 rowing ergometer lacks a standardized equivalent, prompting this study to explore the potential of a 12-minute rowing test as an alternative. Despite differences in muscle groups, rowing shares foundational aerobic capacities with running. The investigation centers around the rowing drag factor, hypothesizing its role in aligning rowing performance with the physiological demands of running. The study involved 56 healthy male soldiers (age: 22.89 ± 2.28 years) undergoing 12-minute running and three drag factor rowing tests. While basic anthropometrics showed limited influence, height correlated positively with rowing performances, and weight negatively affected both running and rowing at low resistance and positively at higher resistances. The closest correlation between running and various drag factor rowing tests, and also the only one with no statistically significant difference in distance covered, was found at damper setting 1 of the ergometer, representing the lowest drag factor. The relatively low coefficient of determination (r2 = 0,18) suggests diversity in the performance foundations of the 12-minute running and rowing. Therefore, further analysis is needed before the rowing test can be considered a valid alternative to the Cooper test.

Kapasitas Aerobik Maksimal Melalui Tes Cooper 12 Menit Pada Siswa Kelas X Mia SMA Negeri 31 Maluku Tengah

The importance of maximal aerobic capacity fitness in daily activities is undoubtedly the higher the level of health, the better aerobic capacity fitness will be. Good aerobic capacity fitness can support activities in daily life. Having good aerobic capacity, people will be able to carry out daily activities for a longer time than people with low aerobic endurance fitness. Maximum aerobic endurance can be interpreted as a person's ability to carry out daily life without causing excessive fatigue and still have the ability to fill other light jobs. Especially for class X mia students, the use of aerobic endurance is very important, because maximum aerobic endurance is the main capital for a class X Mia student at SMA Negeri 31 Central Maluku to help achieve achievements and make endurance movements that are in accordance with their abilities. The aim of this study was to determine the maximum aerobic endurance level of students and students of class X Mia SMA Negeri 31 Central Maluku. The method used in this research is descriptive quantitative method through test instruments. The population in this study amounted to 28 students and students aged 13-15 years. The sample used was the entire population, namely 28 female students and students aged 13-15 years according to the 12-minute Cooper test norm for maximum aerobic endurance Rizal, 2019. Based on the results data processing of the 12-minute Cooper test results for aerobic endurance and the overall sample was in the very poor or very poor category, the 12-minute running test became a weakness for students of Class X Mia SMA Negeri 31 Central Maluku with a very poor or very poor percentage due to lack of Aerobic endurance exercise and body mass index and muscle mass of class X Mia students are different from muscle mass and body mass of students who are dominant with the hormone testosterone. This also makes the body mass of students and students better than students who do not do sports activities well, because of the lack of aerobic endurance in students and many students who do not do sports activities well

Therapeutic drug monitoring of immunotherapies with novel Affimer-NanoBiT sensor construct.

Concentration-therapeutic efficacy relationships have been observed for several therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (TmAb), where low circulating levels can result in ineffective treatment and high concentrations can cause adverse reactions. Rapid therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of TmAb drugs would provide the opportunity to adjust an individual patient's dosing regimen to improve treatment results. However, TDM for immunotherapies is currently limited to centralised testing methods with long sample-collection to result timeframes. Here, we show four point-of-care (PoC) TmAb biosensors by combining anti-idiotypic Affimer proteins and NanoBiT split luciferase technology at a molecular level to provide a platform for rapid quantification (<10 minutes) for four clinically relevant TmAb (rituximab, adalimumab, ipilimumab and trastuzumab). The rituximab sensor performed best with 4 pM limit of detection (LoD) and a quantifiable range between 8 pM-2 nM with neglectable matrix effects in serum up to 1%. After dilution of serum samples, the resulting quantifiable range for all four sensors falls within the clinically relevant range and compares favourably with the sensitivity and/or time-to-result of current ELISA standards. Further development of these sensors into a PoC test may improve treatment outcome and quality of life for patients receiving immunotherapy.

Deny Survei Profil Kondisi Fisik Kekuatan, Kecepatan &amp; Daya Tahan U-14 (Survei Pada Pemain SSB Bina Muda Juwana Pati Tahun 2021)

This study aims to determine the level of physical condition of strength, speed, and endurance in athletes in the age group of 14 SSB Bina Muda Juwana Pati in 2021. This study used a survey method with a quantitative research type with a descriptive approach. The research sample was athletes at SSB Bina Muda Juwana with a total of 20 athletes in the age group of 14 years. The research instrument used measurements of speed (sprinting 40 meters), Strength (Push Ups and Sit Ups 2 minutes), endurance (12 Minutes Run). The data analysis technique used is descriptive percentage. The results of the research conducted by researchers on the physical condition of strength with Sit Up exercises which obtained good results, and Push Up exercises which obtained moderate results. The physical condition of speed got the overall result that the speed level seen from the 50 meter running exercise was in the very good category. The physical condition of endurance as measured by running exercises with a distance of 2.4 Km then calculated the time obtained for the players to get the results into the good category. The conclusions in this study, it can be concluded that the physical condition of strength in the 14 year age group at SSB Bina Muda Juwana Pati in 2021 is categorized as good.

Study of special physical fitness of juniors of 17-19 years old

The article analyzes the results of special physical preparation of 17-19 years old juniors in the quadruple test uphill 300 m. The data of heart rate on the background of the physical test are disclosed. The aim of the work To determine the indicators of special preparation of 17-19 years old juniors. Result. We defined that indicator of the total time of 4 races changed by 4,9 s (t=4,13; p&lt;0,01), by 2,1 s (t=2,42; p&lt;0,01) of time of passing of a rise in the 1st race, by 5,6 % (t=5,46; p&lt;0,001) of speed of passing of a rise in the 4th race concerning the first. Indicators of physical qualities of juniors of 17-19 years old during the specially-preparatory stage had a statistical difference in indicators of the Cooper's test 12-minute run (t=12,61; p&lt;0,001), in a trunk lift in a saddle for 1 minute (t=4,99; p&lt;0,01), whereas positive dynamics was obtained in the indicators of flexion-extension of arms in a lying down support from the floor, in a long jump from a place, in pulling up on a crossbar (p&gt;0,05).

B-186 Investigating LC Column Selectivity for 19 Steroids in a Clinical Research Setting

Abstract Background Steroids are a class of structurally related endogenous compounds. Several have the same chemical formula (and hence the same m/z) and must be chromatographically separated for accurate identification and quantitation by LC-MS/MS. Here, six bonded silica solid core or “core-shell” LC columns (see Table 1) were evaluated to determine selectivity and optimum separation conditions for a 19 analyte steroid panel for clinical research. The optimum column for the separation of estrone and estradiol was also established. Methods Analytical reference standards (Cerilliant®, Round Rock, TX) were used to prepare diluted samples for injection. Six different core-shell 2.6 µm, 50 × 2.1 mm LC columns (Kinetex™, Phenomenex, Torrance, CA) were evaluated (see Table 1). Detection employed a 7500 triple quadrupole LC-MS/MS equipped with an ESI source used in positive and negative mode (SCIEX®, Framingham, MA) coupled to an Agilent® 1290 liquid chromatograph (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA). Results The traditional C18 column worked best for the complete steroid clinical research panel. Estrogens had the best separation on the biphenyl phase, which demonstrated the highest level of selectivity for estrone and estradiol. The phenyl-hexyl column did not sufficiently separate all steroid isomers in the clinical research panel, however it was sufficient to separate estrone and estradiol. Conclusion The proposed HPLC conditions and the core-shell 2.6 μm 50 × 2.1 mm C18 column provided the best separation for 19 steroids with a fast 8 minute run time. For research focused on estrogens, the core-shell biphenyl column yielded the best separation.

S14-2 Sports promotion in children and adolescents: analysis of good practice interventions in 7 countries

Abstract Purpose There are many interesting sports promotion interventions in European countries. Which ones are effective and can serve as good practice examples among children and adolescents? What should be considered when policies or programmes are transferred to other countries? This study has examined sports promotion interventions of seven European countries. It provides an overview of effective interventions and considers transferability to other countries. Project description The Swiss Federal Office of Sports assigned a study to identify effective sport promotion interventions in seven selected European countries with a potential to be transferred to Switzerland. The seven countries were: Austria, Germany, England, Finland, France, The Netherlands, and Norway. To identify the interventions, we conducted desk research and interviews with country representatives. In total, we identified 73 sport-promoting policies, action plans or programmes in the seven countries. As part of the detailed analysis of the most promising interventions, we have examined the national strategy “On the move” of Finland and the national action plan “School sport and activity action plan” of England. These superordinate interventions stand out for their clear objectives and comprehensive implementation. In addition, we have identified several interventions for which we consider a high added value in terms of sports promotion and a feasible implementation in Switzerland or other countries. These are “The Daily Mile” from Germany (15 minutes run or walk every day at school), “Girls Active” from England (enhancing of sport and physical activity in girls in the school setting), “Doorstep Sportclub” from England and “Community Sport Coaches” from the Netherlands (both address in particular children and adolescents with a migration background or low socio-economic status and are offered through the municipality and the associations). Conclusions This study gives an overview about effective sport promotion interventions targeting children and adolescents of seven European countries. Interventions that include comprehensive measures such as a national strategy or low-threshold programmes in schools or communities that address vulnerable groups such as girls, educationally disadvantaged families, children and youth with a migration background or low socio-economic status are particularly interesting from a Swiss perspective and certainly also for other European countries.

Effectiveness of Using Exercise App in Improving Exercise Adherence and Aerobic Endurance of Football Players

Introduction. The use of mobile apps known as mHealth is starting to shape the delivery of physical therapy care not only in patients but also to the healthy population. Using an exercise app is a potential strategy to promote physical activity among individuals. Thus, this pilot study examined the utility of the Nike® Training Club app in increasing exercise adherence and enhancing aerobic endurance. Methods. The study utilized one-way repeated measures over time quasi-experimental design. It used purposive sampling to select 10 college football players aged 18-25 years old. After downloading the app, the participants were required to perform a workout plan composed of 15–45 minutes workouts through circuit interval training. The 20-day workout plan was done for 6 weeks (3-4 workouts per week). Aerobic endurance was measured at baseline and every after 2 weeks of intervention using Cooper’s 12-minute run test. Results. An extremely high adherence rate (85%, SD = 2.11) to exercise was exhibited by the participants based on recorded logs in the app. Also, the participants agreed that the app was easy to use (x̅ = 3.9, SD = .18) due to its user-friendly interface, uncomplicated design, and comprehensive features. Results also showed an improvement in their aerobic endurance at the end of the 6-week training with a change of 3.8 ml/kg/min, however, ANOVA showed no statistically significant difference in VO2 max from baseline to post-tests [F (3, 10) = 2.18, p = .11]. Discussion. A high adherence to exercise may be achieved when exercise is facilitated using the app. The app has potential to provide information that could lead to improvements in aerobic endurance and can be a useful tool in maintaining an active lifestyle among the well population.

The Relationship between Physical Activity and The Level of Physical Fitness of Pencak Silat Athletes

This study analyzed the relationship between macronutrient intake, hydration status, physical activity, and the physical fitness level of Pencak silat athletes in Banjarbaru. This analytical observational study used a cross-sectional design involving 30 pencak silat athletes selected using a total sampling technique. The research instruments included questionnaires, 24-hour food recall forms, a self-urine examination (PURI), a physical activity questionnaire, and a 12-minute running test. Data were analyzed using the Spearman Rank test. The results of this study indicated that most athletes had protein, fat, and carbohydrate deficiencies, moderate hydration status, and very light physical activity levels. It can be concluded that macronutrient intake, namely protein (p=0.264), fat (p=0.643), carbohydrates (p=0.101), and hydration status (p=0.264), had no association with the physical fitness levels of pencak silat athletes, while physical activity (p =0.010) had an association with the physical fitness level of Pencak silat athletes. Athletes are recommended to continue to pay attention to macronutrient intake and hydration status as needed because they also play an essential role in fitness apart from physical activity.

High-Intensity Functional Training Induces Superior Training Adaptations Compared With Traditional Military Physical Training.

Helén, J, Kyröläinen, H, Ojanen, T, Pihlainen, K, Santtila, M, Heikkinen, R, and Vaara, JP. High-intensity functional training induces superior training adaptations compared with traditional military physical training. J Strength Cond Res 37(12): 2477-2483, 2023-This study examined the effectiveness of concurrent strength and endurance training with an emphasis on high-intensity functional training (HIFT) during military service. Voluntary male conscripts (aged 18-28 years) were placed in either an experimental (EXP: n = 50-66) or a control (CON: n = 50-67) group. The training for the EXP group included HIFT using body mass, sandbags, and kettlebells. The CON group trained according to the current practice. Physical performance and body composition were assessed at baseline (PRE), at week 10 (MID), and after (POST) the 19-week training period. Significance was set at p < 0.05. The total distance covered in a 12-minute running test increased in both groups, but the change in EXP was superior to the change in CON (11.6%, ES: 0.79 vs. 5.7%, ES: 0.33; p = 0.027). Maximal strength and power characteristics increased in EXP (3.1-5.0%), whereas no improvements were observed in CON. Conscripts with the highest initial fitness showed no improvements in physical performance in either group. Body mass and waist circumference decreased in EXP, whereas CON showed an increase in muscle mass. These findings suggest that HIFT is an effective and time-efficient approach to improve soldiers' aerobic fitness during military service. For the optimal development of strength, the training equipment used may not have provided sufficient and progressive loading to yield considerable strength adaptations. More focus should be placed on sufficient intensity and volume in both strength and endurance training, especially for the most fit soldiers.

Extensive interval training as alternative exercice for increase VO2max of police candidate

The police is an agency of the state government whose job is to maintain security, order and public order (arresting people who break the law). The police play a role in maintaining public order and security, enforcing the law, and providing protection, protection and service to the community. To be successful as a police officer, special preparation is required to achieve the desired results. So far, the training program for police candidates has only focused on time-paced running. There has been no variety of interval training developed. Extensive Interval Training is an alternative exercise that police recruits can do to pass the Aptitude Test. The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of extensive interval training in increasing aerobic endurance (VO2max) in prospective police students. Experiments were used in the design of this study. This study used only one experimental group, and the treatment was modified interval training. police subjects are candidates aged 19–21 years who attended 18 sessions of Extensive Interval Training. Coopert’s test (12 minutes run) is the instrument used in data collection. In this study, Kolmogorov sminov was used to calculate data normality to ensure that the sample groups came from the same population. The hypothesis was tested using the SPSS 23 program by comparing the results of the first test with the final test, namely the 12 minute running test. The results of the study proved that there was an increase in the aerobic endurance of POLRI candidates after being given Extensive Interval Training, namely an increase in the percentage of aerobic endurance of police candidates after being given interval training of 10.21%. Key words: extensive interval training, VO2max

Level of Physical Conditions of Football School Players, Batara Jaya Club, Sidomulyo Village, Lirik District, Indragiri Hulu Regency

The purpose of this study was to determine the level of physical condition of the Batara Jaya Football Club Players in Sidomulyo Village, Lirik District, Indragiri Hulu Regency. The type of this research is descriptive. The population and sample in this study were 10 players from Batara Jaya Football Club, Sidomulyo Village, Lirik District, Indragiri Hulu Regency. The research instrument used was a physical condition test for soccer players, namely the leg dynamometer test, the 30 meter run test, the sit and reach test, the shuttle run test, the vertical jump test, and the 15 minute run test. The data analysis technique used is to calculate the category of physical condition values. Based on the results of calculating the average value of the physical condition that has been carried out on the players it is known that the Physical Condition Level of the Players of the Batara Jaya Football Club Football School, Sidomulyo Village, Lirik District, Indragiri Hulu Regency which is owned is 3.2 which belongs to the Less Once category.

Assessment of Cardiorespiratory Endurance in Obese College Students using Coopers 12 Min Run Test

Background: The ability of the cardiorespiratory system to supply oxygen to active skeletal muscles during prolonged sub-maximal exercise and the ability of the skeletal muscles to perform aerobic metabolism is known as Cardiorespiratory Endurance. The highest attainable rate of aerobic metabolism during the performance of dynamic work that exhausts the subject within 5–10 min is internationally accepted as an index of one's cardiorespiratory fitness and it is defined as VO2max. A popular test used for measuring cardiorespiratory endurance (VO2max) is Cooper’s 12 min run test. A good predictor for overall health and nutritional status is BMI. This study was conducted to assess the cardiorespiratory endurance in obese college students using coopers 12 min run test. Methods: A total of 100 college students were included who met the inclusion criteria. The students were told to do 12 min coopers run test after a 5 min of warm up. After the test, the distance was recorded. Result: The result shows that the cardiorespiratory endurance is reduced in obese college students. According to the data obtained, 51% of obese participants have good cardiorespiratory endurance and 30% and 19% have fair and poor respectively. Conclusion: This study concluded that the cardiorespiratory endurance is reduced in obese college students using Coopers 12 minute run test. Lower cardiorespiratory endurance has risk to develop cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, and other chronic diseases. So, to improve the endurance one should reduce the weight and start exercising regularly. Keywords: [Obese college students, cardiorespiratory endurance, VO2 max]

Whether the Tabata Training Method and Basic Military Training Had Different Effects on Improving Military Physical Fitness: An Experimental Study

The growth of physical freshness gradually, stratified, and continually so that physical fitness coaching may be implemented might be one of the implementers of the personnel strength coaching function. Particularly in the physical development of Air Force members as a benchmark for carrying out obligations to uphold the sovereignty of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia and obligations as international representatives. A soldier protecting the curse of the Republic of Indonesia must be physically fit to assist with training implementation and promote physical exercise in daily life. The study’s sample and population in this study, the frequency of training were divided into two portions, namely three and five times per week, and the Tabata training method and basic military training were both applied. This study was carried out in 2022 at Lanud Adi Soemarmo’s Skadron Educator (Skadik) 404 Military Police Corps. The pseudo-experimental method makes use of the 2x2 factorial design. 44 Military Police Corps members, divided into 4 groups of 11 each, made up the sample. The samapta A test, which is a continuous 12-minute run, is used in the military physical fitness exam, provided that the offender receives a 15- to 30-minute rest period and is permitted to drink mineral water after passing the physical fitness test. A. The shuttle run, pull-up, sit-up, and push-up portions of the Samapta B exam are all completed for a total of 60 seconds. Between each test item in the physical fitness B sequence is a five-minute rest break with a predefined time interval. The data were analyzed using bidirectional variance analysis (ANOVA), after which a Tukey test was run with a 0.05 significant level. For the entire data analysis procedure, SPSS software version 25 is employed. The study’s findings support the notion that the frequency and mode of exercise used to increase military physical fitness interact. However, further research on psychological, psychosocial, gender, and other factors connected to enhancing military physical fitness are required.

S-50-2: ULTRAFAST LC-MS ANALYSIS FOR THE CHEMICAL ADHERENCE TESTING: SUB MINUTE RUN TIMES FOR A PANEL OF NINE CARDIOMETABOLIC MEDICATIONS

Objective: Non-adherence in hypertension can be as high as 30–45%. Chemical adherence testing (CAT) is the preferred method to assess non-adherence in European guidelines. New randomised controlled trials (RCTs), like the RADIANCE-HTN TRIO, have also started to implement CAT into their study framework to diagnoses non-adherence. Using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), existing quantitative urine CATs take &gt; 40 minutes. These provide a yes/no answer. Recent guidance has suggested run-time be an area of development, along with the research of quantitative assays in plasma. Translated from the field of therapeutic drug monitoring, UltraFast (&lt;1 minute) run times were explored using ultra performance short (UP)-LC columns with MS/MS for the detection and quantitation of nine cardiometabolic medications in plasma for use in CAT. UltraFast methods could increase clinical and research capacity while reducing cost. Design: An UltraFast quantitative CAT using UPLC-MS/MS was developed and optimised for the parallel detection of nine cardiometabolic medications in plasma. These medications were amlodipine, atenolol, atorvastatin, bisoprolol, edoxaban, enalapril, propranolol, ramipril, and saxagliptin. Methods: A mixed internal standard (IS; 10 ng/mL) was added to 100 μL of sample before the addition of 100 μL of water. The entire solution was added to pre-conditioned Oasis PRiME hydrophilic lipid balance (HLB) 96-well μElution solid phase extraction (SPE) plates. The loaded wells were washed (200 μL 5% methanol) and eluted (50 μL methanol/ acetonitrile) prior to UPLC-MS/MS analysis on a Waters Xevo TQ-XS triple quadrupole system. Sub 45 s run times were achieved using a Raptor Biphenyl Guard column cartridge (5 x 2.1 mm, 2.7 μm) as the UPLC column, used in reverse phase, and pumped at a 1.4 mL/min flow rate. Five replicate calibration curves were extracted over the range 0.01–500 ng/mL to assess model fits and detection limits. Results: All medications in plasma had lower limits of detection (LOD) between 0.01 ng/mL (atorvastatin) and 20 ng/mL (amlodipine). Optimum calibration curves were obtained. These were a mixture of quadratic and linear models. R2 ranged from 0.837 (enalapril) to 0.971 (atorvastatin). Clear chromatographic separation was achieved with the first eluted peak was atenolol, detected at 3 s. The last eluted peak was edoxaban at 22 s. Quantitation was possible over the range 0.01–500 ng/mL. Conclusion: A &lt;45 second UPLC-MS/MS run time was achieved for a panel of nine cardiometabolic medications. LODs were well within the therapeutic range of interest, and quantitation was made possible over 0.01–500 ng/mL, the therapeutic range of interest. This method could be applied in clinical laboratories for same day adherence testing, or to large RCTs for their timely processing.