50th Anniversary Research Articles

The Right to Life of the Unborn in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Through the Prism of the Drafting Process

After the 75th anniversary of adopting the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, we can state that some of its provisions still cause discussions about a basic and inherent right – the right to life. Getting a new “breath” after the Roe v. Wade case’s overturning, the battle between women’s abortion rights supporters and the protectors of the right to life for the unborn seems to get a new round. Worldwide experts in different fields start to find new arguments or remember the old ones to have solid proof in the discussions. It is too hard to find a more fundamental international document in the human rights field than the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which can be used in this case. Many scholars’ papers claim that the Declaration is only for an already-born person and does not cover the unborn one. However, such a vision is incorrect and causes many misunderstandings and false interpretations of the international basis of human rights protection. This work will try to dispel the myth that the Declaration was written only for a born person. After analyzing hundreds of documents from the Declaration drafting process, using historical facts and drafters’ statements, we hope to shed light on the real essence of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights about the right to life.

Looking backwards, looking forwards: collective and critical conversations on psychology in South Africa

To mark the 30th anniversary of the Psychological Society of South Africa (PsySSA), 11 of PsySSA’s past presidents, along with two facilitators, gathered in early 2024 for a roundtable discussion on psychology in South Africa. This article represents an edited transcript of that conversation. The guiding motif of the discussion – looking backwards, looking forwards – led discussants through the historical temporalities, institutional, professional and disciplinary debates, as well as the political concerns that face and have forged South African psychology. The discussants were specifically concerned with the challenges of unifying organised psychology; the generative forces, conflicts and antagonisms within psychology; psychology’s pedagogical and intellectual developments; and what it means to politicise psychology in and beyond South Africa. In looking ahead, the discussion concluded with an internationalist reflection on how psychology in South Africa contributes to global knowledges and praxes. The conversation was characterised by epistemic, sectoral and political tensions, as well as ambivalences and shifting centres of gravity, all of which reflect the accomplishments made within South African psychology, as well as psychology’s status as a strongly contested and patently unfinished organisational, disciplinary, professional, service and knowledge project.

Egertől Rióig, Riótól Pozsonyig?

Although Hungary was never part of the Iberosfera, thanks to the Habsburg dynasty, there existed a special historical relationship between them during centuries. It is a matter of honor to research and explore this connection between Hungary and the Lusophony. As we can see, there was a direct connection between the Napoleonic Wars, the pro Habsburg attitude of the Hungarian nation, and the independence of Brazil through the person of Archduchess Leopoldina, Royal Princess of Hungary and Empress consort of Brazil, who played a key role in the process. On the occasion of the 200th anniversary of the independence of Brazil, we should commemorate with dignity the Archduchess Leopol dina, the common hero of the Brazilian and Hungarian nations.

Chelyabinsk Institute of Railway: 80 years of development from a railway technical school to a transport university

In 2024, the Chelyabinsk Institute of Railway — branch of Ural State University of Railway Transport celebrates its 80th anniversary. The article examines the main stages in the history of the educational organization, starting with the creation of the Chelyabinsk Railway College in 1944 to the present day. The eighty-year history covers several generations of teachers and staff, 76 graduations of students, and is full of many events and highlights. The article presents the main historical milestones and the most important events in the development of the educational organization, which are inextricably linked with the development of the railways of our country. The history of the creation of the Chelyabinsk Institute of Railway Transport combines the histories of several educational organizations, whose traditions and achievements are an inseparable part of the common history. Promising areas of development of the university are shown, related to the introduction of digital technologies both in the work of railway transport and in the organization of work on the training of highly qualifi ed personnel for the transport industry.

Развитие понятия «знак» в культурно-исторической психологии Л.С. Выготского: истоки и перспективные направления исследований. Часть 1.

<p>The year 2024 marks the 100th anniversary of cultural and historical psychology. Taking in consideration the growing demand for the ideas and positions of cultural-historical psychology in the world professional community started in 1978 and continues to this day, we have to highlight a number of emerging problems. Without the analysis of these problems it is impossible to further develop the theory itself. Firstly, it is the variety of interpretations and readings of the theoretical foundations of cultural-historical psychology that have emerged over the past decades. Secondly, it is the transformation of the conceptual apparatus of cultural-historical psychology into a "screen" for eclectic and purely empirical constructions of modern research aimed at studying the problems of the development and structure of consciousness and higher psychological functions. At the same time, it is possible to truly understand Vygotsky's concept only on the basis of an analysis of the genesis, content and interrelation of those concepts that make up the methodology of cultural-historical psychology. This article examines the concept of "sign", which is one of the key concepts in the cultural-historical concept of L.S. Vygotsky. The aim is to reconstruct the path that the author of cultural-historical psychology himself took in determining the place and role of this concept in the holistic theoretical and methodological structure of the concept he developed.</p>

Conceptual Scenarios of Architectural Adaptation of Novosibirsk Power Plant

This year marks the 100th anniversary of the foundation of the First Large Power Plant in Novosibirsk, a significant industrial building. Today, Novosibirsk is facing the problem of losing its integral cultural and historical environment due to the large number of unused dilapidated historical and architectural monuments. In order to prevent this trend and save the architectural heritage, it is necessary to develop modern strategies for reuse of these buildings.In this study, conceptual scenarios of architectural adaptation of M. I. Kalinin power plant, the object of cultural heritage of regional significance, are put forward through the methods of contextual, retrospective, ideographic analysis. These design solutions are classified by the original image of the building, focused on the transformation of the former industrial building in order to reveal the socio-historical side of the power plant as a symbol of the dynamic rise of the economy and energy industry in Novosibirsk.As a result, among the scenarios developed for the main building of the city's first major power plant, the most appropriate one is chosen in the context of the historical development of Novosibirsk.The conceptual principle of Nuanced combination with the historical context is the most effective among the described scenarios, assuming preservation of the general architectural image of the historical monument with reversible changes in the architectural solutions of the building.

Citizen as a Party to the Soviet Administrative Procedure (on the 100th Anniversary of Professor Nadezhda G. Salischeva)

Citizen as a Party to the Soviet Administrative Procedure (on the 100th Anniversary of Professor Nadezhda G. Salischeva)

Svobodny Medical school is 80 years old. Combining tradition and time

The Svobodnenskoye Medical School, a division of the Amur Institute of Railway Transport, has a rich history, this year marks the 80th anniversary of its foundation. Analyzing and studying the past, summarizing, and identifying achievements contribute to building a course for the future. Currently, 270 full-time students and 47 part-time students study at the college. Consistently high indicators of the quality of education have been achieved: every year more than 90 % defend their thesis with “good” and “excellent”, employment in medical organizations is 90 %. The training is conducted in promising and in-demand areas of training: nursing, obstetrics, general medicine, preventive dentistry and orthopedic dentistry. The school has passed the procedure of independent assessment of the quality of educational activities.

The economic displacement of thousands of fishers in the Pantanal, Brazil: A telling story of small‐scale fisheries marginalization worldwide.

AbstractA new policy in the Pantanal wetland, Brazil, aims to economically displace thousands of artisanal fishers from one‐third of the region. The legislation disregards several FAO Voluntary Guidelines for Securing Sustainability in Small‐Scale Fisheries' guiding principles (SSF guidelines). Considering that 2024 marks the 10th anniversary of these guidelines, this policy represents a significant setback for fish and fisheries worldwide. In this paper, we show that the legislation is part of long‐term agenda against small‐scale fishers in the Pantanal, aiming to use narratives around overfishing to justify physical and economic displacements—albeit no empirical evidence showing impact on fish stocks. We also show that, as in many other small‐scale fisheries worldwide, overfishing narratives are, in fact, used to open space for industrial activities and large infrastructure projects. The Pantanal is a telling story of that, since the new legislation will likely open space for the construction of over 50 small hydroelectric dams in the Pantanal and surrounding area. We argue that, first, it is urgent to abolish the new legislation and promote a pro‐fishers agenda in the Pantanal to protect the region. However, since this is not unique for the region, it is critical to implement international programmes that celebrate and support local fisheries worlwide and avoid physical and economic displacements. Stands out turning SSF guidelines into international agreements, implementing citizens science programmes and expanding the fisher's tenure rights through innovative mechanizes of ownership. By better protecting local small‐scale fishers in the Pantanal and worldwide we are more likely to guarantee a sustainable future for ecosystems and its peoples.

Legacies of States and Social Revolutions

Forty years after its publication, Theda Skocpol’s States and Social Revolutions confronts us with a series of questions: Are social revolutions different today compared with 50 years ago, and if yes in what ways and why? What is the state of the study of Revolutions in political science and sociology? More generally, how do we understand and relate to social revolutions in the post-Cold War world? Why do we pay more attention to civil wars now compared with then – and vice versa? If the 40th anniversary of Theda Skocpol’s path-breaking book forces these questions on us, answering them opens up fundamental concerns about how we approach the study of social phenomena and the way we are embedded, as social scientists, into the politics of our world.

Why Prophesying Deliverance Still Matters

Abstract This paper recognizes the 40th anniversary of the publication of Prophesy Deliverance! by Cornel West, and acknowledges the broad impact of his intellectual leadership. It begins with the important question of whether West has centered or marginalized Pentecostal thought and culture in the presentation of his basic argument regarding the evolution of Black critical thought and prophetic Christianity. Next is an exploration of how West’s ideas about Black revolutionary Christianity find expression in recent studies of Black Pentecostalism, with particular attention to the Pentecostal social imaginary framed by Dale Coulter and by Keri Day.

Agrypnia excitata: a human model to explore the derailment of sleep-wake cycle integrated control.

The commemoration of the 70th anniversary of rapid eye movement sleep discovery offers a unique possibility to reassess the peculiar organic condition of agrypnia excitata. Agrypnia excitata is characterized by a severe loss of sleep leading to a complete derangement of physiological sleep-wake cycle and body homeostasis. Agrypnia excitata is a definite clinico-neurophysiological condition characterized by: (1) slow-wave sleep loss with disruption of sleepwake cycle; (2) a 24-hr motor and autonomic overactivity; and (3) peculiar episodes of oneiric stupor. Agrypnia excitata may happen within different pathophysiologies, such as delirium tremens, Morvan's syndrome and fatal familial insomnia, suggesting some general reflections on the composition and function of the cerebral neuronal network generating wake and sleep behaviour and regulating body homeostasis, with a focus on rapid eye movement sleep.

The Daniel H. Wagner Prize for Excellence in the Practice of Advanced Analytics and Operations Research: Introduction to the 2023 Competition and Some History on the Prize’s 25th Anniversary

The judges for the 2023 competition selected the three finalist papers featured in this special issue of the INFORMS Journal on Applied Analytics (IJAA). The prestigious Wagner Prize—awarded for achievement in implemented operations research, management science, and advanced analytics—emphasizes the quality and originality of mathematical models along with clarity of written and oral exposition. This year’s winning submission describes the design and deployment of an approach to accommodate the assembly of semiconductor products using multidie packages, a powerful and innovative approach to manufacturing a wide range of strategically designed semiconductors. The authors refer to the problem as the sort-assemble-blend routing problem (SABR-P), and their approach to solving the SABR-P is a combination of genetic algorithms, Monte Carlo simulations, linear programming, and machine learning. The remaining papers describe an integrated approach to system-wide deployment of nurses that facilitates the movement of nurses between hospitals, and a multiple-stage process that consolidates parcels ordered by the same consumer from one or more merchants during the fulfillment process. In addition, we provide some historical perspective on the Daniel H. Wagner Prize for Excellence in the Practice of Advanced Analytics and Operations Research. We show the titles, abstracts, and names and affiliations for its recipients for each year in which the prize has been awarded. Finally, we provide links to the winning papers, which have been published by INFORMS Journal on Applied Analytics (formerly Interfaces). Supplemental Material: Full presentation videos with slides are available in the INFORMS Video Library at https://www.informs.org/Resource-Center/Video-Library and as electronic companions to the INFORMS Journal on Applied Analytics articles.

V.A. Kargin Polymer Research Institute – 75 years

In September 2024 V.A. Kargin Polymer Research Institute celebrates its 75th anniversary. A brief history of the institute in persons is outlined. Brief results of the work obtained in recent years are presented.

Mr W Martin Nichols (1910-1979): From prisoner of war to first Aberdeen neurosurgeon.

The Department of Neurosurgery at Aberdeen Royal Infirmary (ARI) marked its 75th anniversary in 2023. The unit began on 1 April 1948 when Mr W Martin Nichols became the first full-time neurosurgeon in the North of Scotland. Prior to World War II (WWII), there were only a handful of surgeons dedicated to the specialty in the UK. Martin Nichols was one of a new wave of pioneering surgeons who had sought out experience in this fledgling field and went on to establish post-war units in teaching hospitals across the country. Like others of his generation, the war had an enormous effect on his career. Here we discuss his early formative career gaining experience in the leading centres of the day, WWII and his 5 years as a prisoner of war, going on to set up the new unit in Aberdeen. We are fortunate to have had access to many of Nichols' letters and other materials that provide valuable insights into the period.

Paul Gerhardt in America 1743–2007

Abstract: German Hymnwriter Paul Gerhardt (1607–1676), often described as the most important Lutheran hymnwriter other than Martin Luther, has had an impact in America. His hymns helped shape the faith and ministry of Henry Melchior Muhlenberg (1711–1787), often described as the “father” of the Lutheran church in America. His hymns helped Lutherans to face the crisis of World War I. Since the eighteenth century Gerhardt hymns have appeared in North American Lutheran hymnals. Even today they appear in both Lutheran hymnals and the hymnals of other Christian groups. Lutherans observed the 300th anniversary of his birth in 1907 with celebrations for laity and clergy featuring Gerhardt’s hymns. Many articles in church periodicals described Gerhardt and his hymns. The 400th anniversary of his birth in 2007 gained some attention, in church publications and academic conferences, but generally less attention than in 1907.

Attunement to the Great Near with Rebecca Belmore’s Wave Sound

In 2017, on the 150th anniversary of Canadian confederation, Anishinaabe-kwe performance artist Rebecca Belmore set a quartet of listening trumpets entitled Wave Sound on shorelines across Canada’s national parks. Her metallic instruments amplify the water’s frequencies by drawing them in close, inviting visitors to stop and listen to the found sounds. This technology operates on the scale of W.E.B. Du Bois’s rarely considered sci-fi “megascope,” inviting a new mode of listening to the vital and resilient voice of the lands and waters beyond narratives of settler colonialism.

ПАМЯТИ ГЕННАДИЯ АЛЕКСЕЕВИЧА ОБУХОВА (К 100-ЛЕТИЮ СО ДНЯ РОЖДЕНИЯ)

The article is dedicated to the memory (the 100th anniversary of the birth) of a competent and highly qualified specialist, scientist, teacher, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor G.A. Obukhov.

Contribution of Academician B.A. Akhmedov to the Study of the Historical Geography of Central Asia of the Modern Era (on the Occasion of the 100th Anniversary of the Scientist’s Birth)

Contribution of Academician B.A. Akhmedov to the Study of the Historical Geography of Central Asia of the Modern Era (on the Occasion of the 100th Anniversary of the Scientist’s Birth)

On the 50th Anniversary of STD.

On the 50th Anniversary of STD.