1-year Recall Research Articles

Randomized, controlled trial comparing the retention of a flowable restorative system with a conventional resin sealant: one‐year follow up

This clinical trial evaluated the retention rate of a flowable restorative system (Bond 1 + Flow-It!) used as a pit-and-fissure sealant compared with a conventional filled resin sealant (Fluroshield) over a 1-year period. Using a half-mouth design, 160 sealants (80 in primary and 80 in permanent teeth) were placed on sound first/second primary molars and first permanent molars of 40 children aged between 4 and 7 years. For both primary and permanent dentitions, half the teeth (n = 40) were sealed with Fluroshield and half (n = 40) with Bond 1 + Flow-It! Teeth were evaluated at baseline, 6- and 12-month intervals. For both materials, there was no total loss of sealants placed on either the primary or permanent molars over 1 year. From Fluroshield sealants placed on primary teeth, 33 were completely intact after 6 months and 31 after 1 year. From those placed on permanent molars, no loss of material was observed after 6 months, while partial loss was noticed on 5% of teeth at 1-year recall. For Flow-It! resin applied on primary molars, partial loss of material was observed in only 1 sealant after 6 months and in 2 sealants after 1 year. On permanent teeth, 100% retention rate was observed over a 1-year follow up. There was a statistically significant difference (P < 0.01) between the sealing materials on primary but not permanent teeth, and, overall, Flow-It! sealants presented a higher retention rate at both 6-month and 1-year evaluations. Significant differences (P < 0.01) between baseline and the other evaluation periods were also observed. It may be concluded that the flowable restorative system yielded optimal retention on both primary and permanent molars. Its retention rate was significantly higher than that of the conventional pit-and-fissure sealant on primary teeth.

When initial interviews are delayed a year: Effect on children's 2-year recall.

Three- to nine-year-old children were interviewed about a medical emergency (injury requiring hospital ER treatment) two years after it occurred. Half of the number of children had been interviewed shortly after injury as well as 6 and 12 months later, while the remaining children had had only one prior interview a year after injury. There was remarkably little long-term deterioration in memory by both groups. Having a delayed initial interview had two effects, and both were relevant only to the harder-to-remember hospital treatment event: (a) The late-interview group was less accurate, and (b) early-interview children had more extensive free recall, suggesting that multiple prior interviews teach children the "rules of the memory game'' when they are asked open-ended questions. Forensic implications are discussed.

Three-year clinical comparison of survival of endodontically treated teeth restored with either full cast coverage or with direct composite restoration

Statement of Problem. Little information exists regarding the outcome of crown build-ups on endodontically treated teeth restored with metal-ceramic crowns or with only a direct-placed composite. Purpose. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical success rate of endodontically treated premolars restored with fiber posts and direct composite restorations and compare that treatment with a similar treatment of full-coverage with metal-ceramic crowns. Material and Methods. Subjects included in this study had one maxillary or mandibular premolar for which endodontic treatment and crown build up was indicated and met specific inclusion/exclusion criteria. Only premolars with Class II carious lesions and preserved cusp structure were included. Subjects were randomly assigned to 1 of the following 2 experimental groups: (1) teeth endodontically treated and restored with adhesive techniques and composite or (2) teeth endodontically treated, restored with adhesive techniques and composite, and then restored with full-coverage metal-ceramic crowns. Sixty teeth were included in the first group and 57 in the second. All restorations were performed by one operator. Causes of failure were categorized as root fracture, post fracture, post decementation, clinical and/or radiographic evidence of marginal gap between tooth and restoration, and clinical and/or radiographic evidence of secondary caries contiguous with restoration margins. Subjects were examined for the listed clinical and radiographic causes of failure by 2 calibrated examiners at intervals of 1, 2, and 3 years. Exact 95% confidence intervals for the difference between the 2 experimental groups were calculated. Results. At the 1-year recall, no failures were reported. The only failure modes observed at 2 and 3 years were decementations of posts and clinical and/or radiographic evidence of marginal gap between tooth and restoration. There was no difference in the failure frequencies of the 2 groups (95% confidence interval, −17.5 to 12.6). There was no difference between the number of failures caused by post decementations and the presence of marginal gaps observed in the 2 groups (95% confidence intervals, −9.7 to 16.2 and −17.8 to 9.27). Conclusion. Within the limitations of this study, the results upheld the research hypothesis that the clinical success rates of endodontically treated premolars restored with fiber posts and direct composite restorations after 3 years of service were equivalent to a similar treatment of full coverage with metal-ceramic crowns. (J Prosthet Dent 2002;88:297-301.)

No Difference between 1- and 2-Year Recall Periods in Locatability of Sexual and Drug Injection Partners

Health professionals engaged in partner notification often limit recall periods (also called interview or notification periods) for HIV contact interviews to one year or less. Periods longer than a year are believed to be unproductive because partners more than a year in the past may be difficult to locate. To test this belief, we compared 1- and 2-year recall periods in terms of the locatability of sexual and drug injection partners. We recruited subjects from the largest HIV testing clinic in Seattle, U.S.A., and a large epidemiologic study of drug injectors in Seattle. After eliciting their partners for the past 1 or 2 years, we asked subjects about their knowledge of different types of locating information for each partner. The proportion of partners who are locatable is similar for 1- and 2-year recall periods. This study highlights the need for research to establish efficient recall periods for HIV contact interviews.

Blood Cholesterol and Walnut Consumption: A Cross-sectional Survey in France

Background. The preventive role of polyunsaturated fatty acids in cardiovascular disease has been recognized. We conducted a cross-sectional study to assess the association between walnut consumption (oil and kernel) as a source of polyunsaturated fatty acids and blood lipid levels.Methods. Seven hundred ninety-three persons, males and females, ages 18–65 years, living in a walnut production area (Dauphiné, France) attended health screening visits organized by the Agriculture Social Security. Past diet (1-year recall, including walnut and animal fat consumption) and cardiovascular risk factors were ascertained using food frequency questionnaires. For each participant a blood sample was taken to measure HDL, LDL, and total cholesterol; apo A1; and apo B.Results. A high level of HDL cholesterol and apo A1 was associated with a high amount of walnut consumption (oil and kernel) in the regular diet, with a positive trend with increasing degree of walnut consumption. This association did not appear to be confounded by dietary animal fat and alcohol as measured in this study. Other blood lipids did not show significant associations with walnut consumption.Conclusion. The positive effect of walnut consumption on blood HDL cholesterol and apo A1 is of special interest since these lipid parameters have been shown to be negatively correlated with cardiovascular morbidity.

Intensity and amount of physical activity in relation to insulin sensitivity: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study.

Exercise training is associated with improved insulin sensitivity (SI), but the potential impact of habitual, nonvigorous activity is uncertain. To determine whether habitual, nonvigorous physical activity, as well as vigorous and overall activity, is associated with better SI. A multicultural epidemiologic study. The Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study, conducted in Oakland, Calif; Los Angeles, Calif; the San Luis Valley, Colo; and San Antonio, Tex. A total of 1467 men and women of African American, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic white ethnicity, aged 40 to 69 years, with glucose tolerance ranging from normal to mild non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Insulin sensitivity as measured by an intravenous glucose tolerance test. The mean SI for individuals who participated in vigorous activity 5 or more times per week was 1.59 min(-1) x microU(-1) x mL(-1) x 10(-4) (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.39-1.79) compared with 0.90 (95% CI, 0.83-0.97) for those who rarely or never participated in vigorous activity, after adjusting for potential confounders (P<.001). When habitual physical activity (estimated energy expenditure [EEE]) was assessed by 1-year recall of activities, the correlation coefficient between SI and total EEE was 0.14 (P<.001). After adjustment for confounders, vigorous and nonvigorous levels of EEE (metabolic equivalent levels > or = 6.0 and <6.0, respectively) were each positively and independently associated with SI (P< or =.01 for each). The association was attenuated after adjustment for the potential mediators, body mass index (a measure of weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters), and waist-to-hip ratio. Results were similar for subgroups of sex, ethnicity, and diabetes. Increased participation in nonvigorous as well as overall and vigorous physical activity was associated with significantly higher SI. These findings lend further support to current public health recommendations for increased moderate-intensity physical activity on most days.

Correlations with self-reported weight loss in overweight U.S. adults.

The authors investigated two issues among overweight men and women in the U.S.: 1) what is the influence of the self-expressed intention to lose weight in the presence of other potential predictors of loss and 2) what are easily identifiable predictors of intentional weight loss during a 1-year recall period. The sample consisted of 1996 overweight men (body mass index (BMI > or = 27.8 kg/m2) and 2586 overweight women (BMI > or = 27.3 kg/m2) who answered questions regarding 1-year weight change in a Current Health Topic supplement of the population-based 1989 National Health Interview Survey. Of these overweight persons, 56.8% of men and 72.1% of women attempted to lose weight during the previous year. The most important characteristic associated with weight loss was the expressed intention itself. For any weight loss, the odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for intention were 4.6 (3.6-5.9) for men and 3.8 (2.8-5.0) for women. Controlling for other factors reduced the odds only slightly, to 4.3 for men and 3.5 for women. Among women, older age, having a greater frequency of blood pressure checks, and being in poorer health reduced the influence of intent as a predictor of loss. To address the second objective, the identification of predictors of intentional 1-year weight loss, analysis was restricted to overweight persons who attempted to lose weight. For both sexes, statistically significant predictors (p < 0.05) included never being married, smoking, higher BMI, being diabetic, and having a higher number of blood pressure checks. Being divorced or separated was predictive of weight loss in men only. Also, men were more likely to achieve weight loss than women. In conclusion, 1-year weight loss among the overweight was primarily a function of the intention to lose weight, although other factors contributed to determine whether weight loss was achieved.

Effect of recall period on the reporting of occupational injuries among older workers in the Health and Retirement Study.

Studies of injury morbidity often rely on self-reported survey data. In designing these surveys, researchers must chose between a shorter recall period to minimize recall bias and a longer period to maximize the precision of rate estimates. Using data from the Health and Retirement Study, which employed a recall period of 1 year, we examined the effect of the recall period on rates of occupational injuries among older workers as well as upon rate ratios of these injuries for nine risk factors. We fit a stochastic model to the occupational injury rates as a function of time before the interview and used this model to estimate what the injury rates would have been had we used a 4-week recall period. The adjusted occupational injury rate of 5.9 injuries per 100 workers per year was 36% higher than the rate based on a 1-year recall period. Adjustment for recall period had much less effect on rate ratios, which typically varied by < 10%. Our work suggests that self-reported surveys with longer recall periods may be used to estimate occupational injury rates and also may be useful in studying the associations between occupational injuries and a variety of risk factors.

Symptom and substance use reporting consistency over two years for offspring at high and low risk for depression

We examined 2-year recall of reports of lifetime symptomatology and substance use questions on the K-SADS-E in a sample of offspring at high and low risk for depression. Comparisons were made between those who forgot and those who remembered reports of screening symptoms made at the initial interview. In general, recall for symptoms of internalizing disorders (depression and anxiety disorder) was much worse than recall for symptoms of externalizing disorders (conduct disorder and substance use). Less than two-thirds of those initially meeting the lifetime depression screening criteria provided reports which met the lifetime screening criteria at followup. Significant correlates of screening criteria recall included the following variables (measured at the initial interview): history of treatment for any disorder, impairment on the GAS (a score less than 61), and the presence of hypersomnia and suicidal symptoms (thoughts or ideation). Logistic regression suggested that a prior report of suicidal symptoms (including thoughts, ideation, or behavior) was the most important correlate of screen recall.

Motorcycling attitudes and behaviours. II. 14 and 15 year old adolescents

Of 846 adolescents interviewed near their 15th birthday, 51% could drive a motorcycle. A further 13% intended to learn. Drivers reported friends (mean age 16.5 years) as the most common source of instruction. Forty-four per cent of drivers and 69% of intending learners planned to apply for licences. Thirty-five per cent of the sample had driven or ridden as passengers on a motorcycle on-road in the past year and 85% of these had worn a helmet on the last occasion. The commonest cause of injuries to motorcyclists resulting in hospitalization (lower limb injury) was correctly identified by 52% of the sample. Fear of injury was the reason given for not learning to ride by 55% of confirmed non-drivers. Fifteen medically treated motorcycling injuries were reported for a 2-year recall period. Females reported significantly less exposure and less use of protective clothing than males. The issues of initiation, training, constraints on use and preventive strategies are discussed.

Finishing of amalgam restorations: a three-year clinical study

Class I and Class II amalgam restorations were placed in the permanent teeth of 66 patients, each of whom received a minimum of three restorations. At least one of these restorations was carved-only, at least one was immediately finished (using a prophylaxis paste on rubber cups at low speed, 8 or 10 min after trituration), and at least one restoration was polished (using finishing burs and polishing points, more than 24 h after placement). The number of restorations available for assessment of marginal fracture using the 11-unit photographic scale developed by Mahler was 253 at baseline, 249 at 1-year and 2-year recalls and 228 at the 3-year recall. Although polished restorations exhibited greater initial (baseline) marginal fracture, at 1-year, 2-year and 3-year recalls the restorations were found to exhibit a similar amount of marginal fracture regardless of the finishing technique. The amount of perceived marginal fracture increased steadily after 1 year. The immediate finishing of amalgam restorations showed no long-term benefit over the other techniques and has little to commend it. The clinical finishing of amalgam restorations is discussed in the light of this and other research.

One‐Year Evaluation of a Dentin‐Enamel Bonding System

The 1-year recall evaluation of a dentin-enamel bonding system developed by the author is presented. The system has excellent in vitro resistance to dye penetration and can provide gap-free restorations in vivo. It has shown significant potential for bonding to dentin and enamel.

Injuries to elite wheelchair athletes

The purpose of this project was to describe the nature, type, and frequency of athletic injuries incurred by the elite wheelchair athlete. Nineteen athletes participated in a 1-year injury recall study at an elite wheelchair training camp. An injury was defined as anything the athlete expressed concern about and (a) caused a loss of participation due to an injury or illness or (b) an injury in which a fracture, dislocation, or subluxation occurred and the athlete was able to continue participation. There were 10 male and 9 female subjects who reported their injuries from 1 June 1987 to 31 May 1988. Fifty injuries were reported, strains and muscular injuries accounted for almost half of the injuries. Physicians were the primary care provider for 37% of the injuries, followed by physical therapists and athletic trainers at 26% and 15% respectively. Slightly over 57% of the injuries were classified as minor, missing 7 days or less of participation and 32% were classified as major, missing 22 days or more of participation. The upper extremity was the most frequently injured, followed by the lower extremity, head and spine, and illnesses. Conventional treatments of ice, heat, modalities, and medications, were the most common methods of treating these injuries. Flexibility and strength training programmes should be implemented throughout the competitive season. Careful consideration of the training programme and workout intensity should also be evaluated.

Clinical evaluation of two posterior composite resins: two‐year results

Two composite resins were evaluated for clinical acceptability as restorative materials in Class I and II cavities over a 2-year-period. In addition, dispersed phase alloy was evaluated for comparison. All restorations were assessed for anatomical form, marginal integrity and marginal leakage using modified United States Public Health Service (USPHS) criteria. At the 2-year recall, 96% of the composites and 100% of the amalgams were rated 'alpha' or 'bravo', using the parameters of assessment defined in this study. However, a significant number of shifts from the baseline, within the level of acceptability, had occurred. The two composites showed the greatest number of shifts for anatomical form and marginal leakage, while there were no differences between the composites and the amalgam for shifts in marginal integrity. Although a very high level of acceptability was determined for all of the materials, the frequency of rating change within categories for the composites was a cause of concern with regard to their long-term clinical use.

Marginal fracture of posterior composite resins

This study assesses the early cavomarginal breakdown of the newer posterior composite resin restorations compared with that of amalgam restorations. A total of 432 posterior composite restorations and 73 amalgam restorations were examined: 121 composite restorations (28%) and 44 amalgam restorations (60%) clinically showed a marginal crevice at some point on the cavosurface margin of the restoration at 6-month, 1-year, and 2-year recalls. The largest single reason for poor marginal adaptation was marginal fracture. Up to 2 years, the marginal integrity of the studied posterior composites was superior to that of an amalgam alloy. It was determined that smaller cavities, greater bulk of resin at the margin (especially at functional cusp areas), and well-finished margins without overfiling seem to reduce the occurrence of marginal fracture on composite resin restorations.

A two-year longitudinal study of the periodontal health status of overdenture patients

Eleven patients who were treated with maxillary or mandibular overdentures or both were recalled at 6-month intervals and studied for a period of 2 years A periodontist evaluated the periodontal health status of the abutment teeth at initial placement of the overdenture and at all subsequent recalls using standardized periodontal indices. Statistical comparisons of the data from initial examination to the 2-year recall were made to assess the periodontal health status of roots supporting overdentures. Periodic, regular recall of patients treated with overdentures is one of the most important factors in the maintenance of the integrity of the root stumps and attachment apparatus, particularly since the roots supporting mandibular overdentures are at greater risk periodontally than those supporting maxillary overdentures. Measurements of pocket depth and width of attached gingivae seem to be the most definitive criteria to determine the status of the attachment apparatus in overdenture patients. With frequent recall, overdentures appear to be a successful method of treatment.

A 2-year longitudinal study of overdenture patients. Part I: Incidence and control of caries on overdenture abutments

1. The development of caries on overdenture abutments is a significant problem. In the patients examined, a high incidence of caries was noted at each recall. While few teeth were lost due to caries (none by first recall, none by second recall, and four by third recall), many teeth can eventually deteriorate and be lost (Fig. 7). 2. Caries can develop in a short period of time as shown by the results of the initial examination (caries present 2 to 8 months after insertion of the overdenture). 3. Some patients seem to be caries susceptible, as shown by the recurrence of caries, notwithstanding caries removal from the overdenture teeth at each recall. For example, a large percentage of patients with caries at the 1-year recall also had caries at the 2-year recall. 4. Patients who were placed on fluoride solution and/or had teeth treated with silver nitrate had a significant decrease in caries when compared to those who received no treatment or were placed on a placebo. 5. Fluoride caused some irritation or burning sensation in tissues of several patients. This was relieved in several patients by a decrease in the frequency of application from daily to 2 to 3 times a week.