Naphthaleneacetic Acid Research Articles

Micropropagation of Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) on Large-Scale

Aim: Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) is a slow-to-reproduce perennial herb that is propagated from ground rhizomes. Despite its well-known medicinal and culinary uses, its supply for propagation is limited due to disease susceptibility and slow rhizome development. Methodology: To optimize turmeric bud cluster development and determined appropriate concentrations of BAP (6-benzyl aminopurin) and NAA (α-naphthalene acetic acid) for enhancing shoot multiplication and rooting rates. Results: The results indicated that MS (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) was basic media for turmeric; shoot clusters formation on media supplemented with 1 mg L-1BAP and 0.5 mg L-1 NAA; for shoot multiplication was 3 mg L-1 BAP and 0.5 mg L-1 NAA; and 0.5 mg L-1 NAA was favored for root induction Conclusion: This research contributed to advancing our knowledge of valuable plants in Vietnam, particularly turmeric production on large-scale.

Genotypic effects on accelerated propagation of oil palm breeding materials selected (Elaeis guineensis jacq.) using somatic embryogenesis

Vegetable oil production from oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is an important industry due to the rising demand every year. The somatic embryogenesis culture can propagate oil palm duplicate as parent plant, which can be selected as breeding material to produce new planting germplasm with high production or disease resistance. This study aims to evaluate the genotypic effect of somatic embryogenesis, while immature leaflets were employed as explants. The culture used embryo induction medium based on Murashige and Skoog (MS) modifications that contained 5 ​mg/L Naphthalene Acetic acid (NAA) and 0.5 ​mg/L Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP). The genotypic effect was statistically significant in the percentage of callus induction, producing somatic embryos, and germination embryos. In this study, we successfully cloned thirteen oil palm genotypes (GE-02, GE-03, GE-06, GE-07, GE-09, GE-23, GE-24, GE-27, GE-28, GE-32, GE-33, GE-34, and GE-35), with the highest number of somatic embryos formed on GE-27 with a percentage of 70.1%. The cloning was successful in accelerating the propagation of oil palm for materials breeding programs to create new varieties with high production and disease resistance. It is necessary to observation the performance of these clones in the field in terms of mantle flower appearance.

Effect of iron, naphthalene acetic acid on growth and Economics of green gram

Effect of iron, naphthalene acetic acid on growth and Economics of green gram

Exogenous Indole-3-Acetic Acid Suppresses Rice Infection of Magnaporthe oryzae by Affecting Plant Resistance and Fungal Growth.

Auxin is an important phytohormone that regulates diverse biologic processes, including plant growth and immunity. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), known as one of the main forms of auxin, is able to activate plant immunity. However, it is unknown whether IAA enhances plant resistance and/or suppresses the growth of the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae. Here, we found that IAA could induce expression levels of pathogenesis-related genes to enhance disease resistance and could control the development of blast disease through inhibiting M. oryzae infection. Exogenous IAA suppressed mycelial growth and delayed spore germination by inhibiting fungal endogenous IAA biosynthesis and impairing redox homeostasis, respectively. When applied to a field test, two IAA analogues, 1-naphthaleneacetic acid and 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid, can effectively control rice blast disease. Our study advances the understanding of IAA in controlling rice blast disease through suppressing pathogen growth and enhancing plant resistance.

Enhancing microspore embryogenesis in diploid potato (Solanum tuberosum L. ssp. tuberosum) germplasm

Doubled haploidy (DH) technology has been utilized in cultivated tetraploid potato (Solanum tuberosum L. ssp. tuberosum) to accelerate crop improvement; however very little work has been done with the diploid species. Experiments were undertaken to improve microspore embryogenic response in the diploid germplasm. Several factors influencing embryogenic responses were evaluated. An increase in calcium nitrate, a reduction in the plant growth regulators 6-benzyladenine (BA) and α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), as well as an incubation temperature of 28 °C resulted in an increase in callus production and, in some cases, embryo-like structures. Validation of the modified protocol was conducted with both diploid and tetraploid potato germplasm with responses from both diploid and tetraploid. Monoploid and di-haploid plants were also regenerated from these microspore-derived calli.

Postharvest Treatments with Naphthalene Acetic Acid and Methyl Jasmonate to Maintain the Quality of 'Laetitia' Plums (Prunus salicina Lindl.) during Cold Storage

Postharvest Treatments with Naphthalene Acetic Acid and Methyl Jasmonate to Maintain the Quality of 'Laetitia' Plums (Prunus salicina Lindl.) during Cold Storage

Influence of Naphthalene Acetic Acid (PGR) on the Growth, Yield and Susceptibility to Specific Chili Paper Disease in Different Chilies Cultivars (Capsicum annuum) in the Upland of Baluchistan

Capsicum annuum, commonly known as chili pepper, is a significant spice crop worldwide, and its yield and fruit quality are important factors affecting economic returns for growers. However, these can be impacted by various abiotic and biotic stresses, including environmental conditions, nutrient deficiencies, pests, and diseases. Utilizing growth regulators for plants, such NAA, has emerged as a viable strategy to enhance growth, improve yield, and mitigate stress effects in chili production. To ascertain the impact of the plant growth regulator (NAA) on the development and yield of chilies, a field experiment was carried out. Plant pathogens pose a significant threat to agricultural productivity worldwide. The main challenge in this scenario is that the plant pathogens are dynamic organisms that adapt to changing environmental conditions and agricultural methods. Examples of this kind of evolution include the appearance and spread of novel diseases or more aggressive pathogens that are resistant to fungicides. Using three replications and seven treatments, randomized complete block design (RCBD) was used to perform the experiment. Control (applying no naphthalene acetic acid), 25 ppm, 50 ppm, 75 ppm, 100 ppm, 125 ppm, and 150 ppm applications of naphthalene acetic acid. The result shows that chili crop treated with application of NAA @ 125 ppm exhibited significantly maximum resulted with 80.95 cm plant height, 15.13 quantity of branches plant-1, 84.24 days to flowering, 100.02 days to fruit set, 8.65 cm fruit length, 42.89 g fruit weight, 36.72 quantity of fruits plant-1 and 0.43 kg yield plant-1. In contrast, chili treated under control exhibited the lowest performance, 53.98 cm plant height, 10.49 quantity of branches plant-1, 82.46 days to flowering, 90.77 days to fruit set, 5.66 cm fruit length, 22.54 g fruit weight, 20.39 quantity of fruits plant-1 and 0.02 kg yield plant-1. Among the chili variety, Hot chilies yielded the best results, with 69.31 cm plant height, 13.15 quantity of branches plant-1, 83.52 days to flowering, 96.05 days to fruit set, 7.39 cm fruit length, 34.07 g fruit weight, 29.71 quantity of fruits plant-1 and 0.25 kg yield plant-1. On the other hand, the variety SKY Cross showed the lowest performance, with 65.41 cm plant height, 12.49 quantity of branches plant-1, 83.24 days to flowering, 94.73 days to fruit set, 6.96 cm fruit length, 31.17 g fruit weight, 27.36 quantity of fruits plant-1 and 0.19 kg yield plant-1. After going through the findings of the present research, it was concluded that the application of NAA at 125 ppm showed superior results in terms of plant height, quantity of branches, days to flowering and fruit set, fruit length, fruit weight, quantity of fruits per plant, and overall yield per plant compared to other concentrations of NAA and the control group. The research findings show that that NAA at 125 ppm can be an effective growth regulator for chili crops, leading to improved growth and increased yields.

Establishment of Effective Callus Induction in the Economically Important Brown Seaweed Ecklonia cava

The edible brown seaweed, Ecklonia cava, is highly valued for its bioactive compounds, and is widely used in food supplements and functional foods. The increasing demand for this seaweed in the food industry emphasizes the necessity for sustainable cultivation practices. This study focused on inducing callus in the meristem and stipe of E. cava using different culture media: Provasoli’s enriched seawater medium (PESI), enriched artificial seawater medium (ESAW), artificial enriched seawater medium (ASP2), or Von Stosch’s enriched seawater medium (VS). Various abiotic stress factors (photoperiod, agar concentration, and temperature), growth regulators, carbon sources, polyamines, and plasma treatments were explored for their impact on callus induction. Both stipe and meristem explants developed callus within three to six weeks across all media except ASP2. Callus development was favored at temperatures between 8 to 13 °C and in the absence of light. Stipe explants showed a higher callus induction rate (up to 65.59 ± 6.24%) compared to meristem (up to 57.53 ± 8.32%). Meristem explants showed optimal callus induction in PESI medium with a low concentration of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA; 40.93 ± 8.65%). However, higher concentrations of IAA and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) reduced meristem callus induction. Stipe showed high induced-callus (up to 50.37 ± 5.17%) in PESI medium with low concentrations of IAA, NAA, and 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). Both stipe and meristem explants induced largest callus at 2% sucrose, but higher carbon source concentrations reduced callus induction. Spermine (Spm) at 1 µM resulted in high induced calluses; however, increasing Spm concentrations decreased callus induction. This tissue culture technique not only supports mass cultivation of E. cava, but also holds potential for extending to other seaweed species, contributing to the sustainability of seaweed stocks for the food industry.

Comparison of two subspecies of a halophytic multi-use plant Mertensia maritima in vitro and ex vitro: propagation, salinity tolerance and mineral nutrition

The aim of the present study was to compare morphological and physiological responses to increasing salinity of the two subspecies of Mertensia maritima during in vitro propagation in two different systems, and subsequent ex vitro cultivation. Plants were brought into culture using seeds and further propagated on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with thidiazuron and naphthaleneacetic acid either on agar-solidified or liquid medium with a temporary immersion system (Plantform bioreactors). Salinity tolerance were tested both in tissue culture and with ex vitro greenhouse-cultivated plants. Low concentration of NaCl increased explant biomass in agar-solidified medium, with no negative consequences even at high concentration. However, the effect of salinity on liquid medium was genotype-specific. Explants in Plantform bioreactors showed several-fold higher biomass in comparison to that on agar-solidified medium, but the multiplication potential was not significantly affected. Ex vitro plants were negatively influenced by increasing NaCl concentration in substrate. In contrast to in vitro plants, accumulation potential of Na⁺ in ex vitro plants was low. One of adaptations to salinity at the whole plant level was maintenance of adequate tissue mineral nutrient homeostasis, as mineral nutrient concentrations were not negatively affected by increasing salinity.

Setting up Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of the tropical legume Aeschynomene evenia, a powerful tool for studying gene function in Nod Factor-independent symbiosis.

Most legumes are able to develop a root nodule symbiosis in association with proteobacteria collectively called rhizobia. Among them, the tropical species Aeschynomene evenia has the remarkable property of being nodulated by photosynthetic Rhizobia without the intervention of Nod Factors (NodF). Thereby, A. evenia has emerged as a working model for investigating the NodF-independent symbiosis. Despite the availability of numerous resources and tools to study the molecular basis of this atypical symbiosis, the lack of a transformation system based on Agrobacterium tumefaciens significantly limits the range of functional approaches. In this report, we present the development of a stable genetic transformation procedure for A. evenia. We first assessed its regeneration capability and found that a combination of two growth regulators, NAA (= Naphthalene Acetic Acid) and BAP (= 6-BenzylAminoPurine) allows the induction of budding calli from epicotyls, hypocotyls and cotyledons with a high efficiency in media containing 0,5 μM NAA (up to 100% of calli with continuous stem proliferation). To optimize the generation of transgenic lines, we employed A. tumefaciens strain EHA105 harboring a binary vector carrying the hygromycin resistance gene and the mCherry fluorescent marker. Epicotyls and hypocotyls were used as the starting material for this process. We have found that one growth medium containing a combination of NAA (0,5 μM) and BAP (2,2 μM) was sufficient to induce callogenesis and A. tumefaciens strain EHA105 was sufficiently virulent to yield a high number of transformed calli. This simple and efficient method constitutes a valuable tool that will greatly facilitate the functional studies in NodF-independent symbiosis.

Meta-topolin mediated improved micropropagation, phytochemical profiling, and assessment of genetic fidelity in Chlorophytum borivilianum Sant. et Fernand., an endangered medicinal herb

A highly effective method has been developed to examine the impact of different combination of meta-topolin and various cytokinins on Chlorophytum borivilianum Sant. et Fernand. using apical bud explants. The effects of benzyl adenine purine (BAP), kinetin (Kin), meta-topolin (mT), and thidiazuron (TDZ) were explored separately and in different concentrations (ranging from 0.5 to 3.0 mg L−1) on shoot proliferation, as well as the influence of auxins like Indole -3- acetic acid (IAA), α-Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) on rooting. When grown on MS medium supplemented with mT, highest growth rates were observed followed by BAP. Within the permutations tested, 2.0 mg L−1 of mT and 1.0 mg L−1 of BAP produced the best results with 96.3% success rate and average of 19.2 ± 1.92 shoots measuring 6.72 ± 0.49 cm in length after 8 weeks of culture. Among the various auxins used for in vitro root formation, 95.5% of multiple shoots effectively established roots on MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg L−1 of IBA resulting in an average of 14.0 ± 1.39 root numbers and 3.36 ± 0.27 cm in length after 4 weeks of culture. Furthmore, 94% of the acclimated plants not only survived but also thrived when grown in a mixture of loam, sand and fym (in 1:2:1 ratio) with an average weight of 16 g. High-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) analysis revealed the presence of diosgenin and stigmasterol in both in vitro regenerants and mother plant, although there were variations in their content. To ensure genetic fidelity among regenerants, ISSR and SCOT markers were used, but no somatic differences were detected. Therefore, the established procedure seems to be easy and consistent for large scale development of genetically identical clones with a greater content of bioactive compounds.

Silver nanoparticle-induced in vitro flowering in Dendrocalamus strictus (Roxb.) nees and genetic fidelity assessment of regenerants using molecular markers.

Dendrocalamus strictus (Roxb.) Nees, generally referred to as 'Male bamboo,' is a globally prevalent and highly significant species of bamboo. It is a versatile species and possesses notable industrial significance. However, despite its numerous applications, the production of this plant is insufficient to fulfill the worldwide demand. The challenges that impede the dissemination of D. strictus encompass the unpredictable blooming pattern (30-70 years), low seed production, and limited seed viability. Therefore, tissue culture presents a reliable and effective option for the mass production of standardized planting material. This study investigated the effects of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) at a concentration of 6.0 mg L- 1 in the Murashige and Skoog (MS) nutrient medium fortified with pre-optimized plant growth regulators (3.0 mg L- 1 6-benzylaminopurine + 0.5 mg L- 1 α-naphthalene acetic acid) on the induction of flowering in a controlled environment in D. strictus. The use of AgNPs in the media induced a maximum of 14 inflorescences per culture vessel, 9 flowers per inflorescence, and improved the performance of the micropropagated plantlets during acclimatization in the greenhouse and field. The ISSR and SCoT amplified polymorphic DNA analysis of the regenerants resulted in the formation of 49 bands (300 to 2000bp size) and 36 scorable bands (350 to 2000bp) respectively. All the PCR amplicons produced by SCoT and ISSR were monomorphic confirming the genetic uniformity of the tissue cultured plants of D. strictus with the mother plant. It can be inferred that the incorporation of AgNPs during the shoot proliferation phase has the potential to stimulate in vitro flowering in D. strictus. This finding could provide valuable insights into innovative strategies for enhancing crop productivity and genetic manipulation for accelerated breeding and agricultural advancement.

An efficient in vitro organogenesis protocol for the endangered relic tree species Bretschneidera sinensis and genetic fidelity assessment using DNA markers.

Bretschneidera sinensis is a monotypic species of rare and tertiary relic trees mainly distributed in China. B. sinensis is a potentially valuable horticultural plant, which has significant ornamental and research value, and is a crucial tool for the study of phylogeography. The artificial cultivation of B. sinensis is of great scientific value and practical significance. In this study, we developed a direct organogenesis process of B. sinensis using mature zygotic embryos as initial materials. The highest sterile germination induction (54.5%) from the mature zygotic embryo was obtained in a Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with 2.0 mg·L-1 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA) and 0.2 mg·L-1 α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). The highest percentage of shoot regeneration (90.37%) was attained using 1.0 mg·L-1 6-BA and 0.01 mg·L-1 NAA in the MS medium. The Woody Plant Medium (WPM) had the greatest adventitious shoot elongation rate of 93.33%. The most optimized rooting rate was 88.89% in a half-strength MS medium containing 2.0 mg·L-1 indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 1.0 mg·L-1 NAA. The genetic fidelity of in vitro regenerated plantlets was assessed using inter-simple sequence repeats and random amplified polymorphic DNA molecular markers, confirming the genetic uniformity and stability of regenerated B. sinensis plantlets. Our research presents an effective in vitro propagation system for B. sinensis, laying the groundwork for its germplasm conservation and large-scale production while maintaining high genetic integrity.

Impact of Micronutrients and Plant Growth Regulators on Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) Growth, Yield and Quality

The present research work conducted to find out the effect of plant growth regulators and micronutrients on growth, yield, and quality of Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) under open field condition. The experiment was designed in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates. The experiment was conducted on Horticulture farm at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University; Dhaka, Bangladesh from July 2022 to June 2023. The experimental treatments included three levels of PGR i.e. No PGR, 200 ppm gibberellic acid (GA3) and 100 ppm Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and three levels of micronutrients i.e.no micronutrients, 200 ppm Boron and 200 ppm Zn. The treatments had a substantial effect on growth, yield, and quality of Brinjal. GA3 treated plants performed better than NAA and no PGR treated plants and Zn produced higher yields and quality than Boron and no micronutrients treated plants in most of the parameters. Considering treatment combination of PGR and micronutrients, plant height, leaf area (471.33 cm2), SPAD value (52.95), number of flowers plant-1 (65.33), number of fruits plant-1 (58.38), yield plant-1 (3312.8g), lipid (0.35%) were observed highest from the treatment combination of 200 ppm GA3 with 200 ppm Zinc whereas dry weight of whole plant (158.80 g), individual fruit weight (67.33g) and fiber (12.28%) were observed from the treatment combination of 100 ppm NAA with 200 ppm zinc but in case of number of branch (14.00) and Ash (8.44%) were observed from the treatment of 100 ppm NAA application . Maximum parameter showed lowest value under no treatment combination. This study suggests that foliar application of GA3 with micronutrients such as Zinc during flowering stage of eggplant is the most effective strategy for improving the nutritional quality of Brinjal fruits and increasing crop yields, both of which will help to reduce micronutrient malnutrition and hunger worldwide.

Exogenous Cytokinin Induces Callus and Protocorm-Like-Bodies Formation in In Vitro Root Tips of Vanilla planifolia Andrews.

Vanilla is a popular flavouring essence derived from the pods of vanilla orchid plants. Due to the high demand for vanilla flavour, high yielding vanilla plantlets are necessary for establishing vanilla plantations. Clonal micropropagation is a viable technique for the mass production of high yielding vanilla plantlets. This study reports an efficient regeneration protocol by using cytokinin as the sole plant growth regulator to regenerate plantlets from the root tips of a commercial vanilla orchid species, Vanilla planifolia. Most studies to date have reported using seeds and nodes as starting explants for in vitro micropropagation of vanilla orchids. So far, regeneration from roots has not been very successful. Previous studies favoured the use of auxins only or high auxin to cytokinin ratios to induce callus, and sole cytokinins were used for direct shoot regeneration. However, it was sporadically observed in plantlets regeneration of V. planifolia that multiple shoots were regenerated from the tips of intact aerial roots submerged in media. This study therefore investigated the regeneration of excised vanilla root tips through the application of most commonly used auxins (1-naphthaleneacetic acid and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) and cytokinins (6-benzylaminopurine and thidiazuron). High auxin presence is known to promote callusing in in vitro plants. However, in this study, auxin treatment inhibits callusing in root tips. While cytokinin treatments, even at low levels, has promoted high rate of callusing. These callus cells regenerate into protocorm-like-body (PLB) shoots when cytokinin levels are increased to 0.5 mg/mL 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) under light conditions. The findings of the study have the potential of providing large quantity of high yielding vanilla plantlets through clonal micropropagation.

Regulation of Summer Season Flowering to Enhance the Flowering and Physical Parameters of Mrig Bahar in Guava (Psidium guajava l.) Cv. Lucknow-49 under Sodic Soil

The present investigation entitled “Regulation of summer season flowering to enhance the Flowering and physical parameters of mrig bahar in guava (Psidium guajava L.) cv. Lucknow-49 under sodic soil” was carried out at Production Processing of Usar Waste Land Akma, Department of Fruit Science, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Narendra Nagar (Kumarganj), Ayodhya (U.P.) during 2021-22. The experiment was conducted in a Randomized Block Design with three replications and ten treatments. The treatments were Urea (15, 20 and 25%), NAA (75, 150 and 225 ppm), 2,4-D (20, 40 and 60 ppm) and control applied on second week of April. The results denoted that all the treatments were emphatic in summer deblossoming and enhanced the physical attribute of fruits throughout both season over the control, however, maximum yield per plant, maximum no. of fruits per plant, maximum fruit set percentage and minimum flower drop percentage was recorded with control in rainy season. The profitable effects of the treatments tried were observed to be more prominent in winter season crop than the rainy season crop. Among the treatments, deblossoming with Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA) 225 ppm showed maximum enhancement in Flowering characters viz. Percent flower drop (%), Percent fruit set (%) and fruit physical characters viz. Number of fruits per plant, fruit length (cm), width (cm), weight (g), fruit yield per plant (kg/tree) over the control in winter season as well as in rainy season crop.

Effect of growth promotors on morphogenesis, photosynthetic apparatus, productivity and residual substances content in sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum) fruits

The use of plant growth promoting substances in order to optimize crop performance is one of the leading tasks of modern plant physiology. The effect of 0.005% 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (1-NAA), 0.005% gibberellic acid (GA3), 0.005% 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BAP) foliar treatment on morphogenesis, leaf parameters, photosynthetic pigments content, photosynthetic apparatus activity indices, and residual amounts of the used substances in the sweet pepper Capsicum annuum L. variety Antey fruits was investigated. The field experiment was laid on plots of 32 m2. The treatment of plants was carried out at the budding stage. Morphometric indices were determined at the flowering and fruit formation stages. The mesostructure of the middle tier leaves was studied at the fruit formation stage. The content of the chlorophylls was determined in the fresh leaf tissue by the spectrophotometric method. Indices of photosystem II (PSII) activity were determined by registration of chlorophyll fluorescence induction, using a portable single-beam fluorimeter. The assay of the residual content growth of promotors in the fruits was carried out on a Shimadzu GC gas chromatograph with a mass spectrometric detector – GCMS-QP2020 EI. It was revealed that treatment with GA3 increased plant height. All substances increased the number of leaves on the plant, their fresh and dry weight, the leaf area, and the canopy leaf area index. All growth promoting substances thickened leaf laminas due to the growth of chlorenchyma. GA3 and 6-BAP increased the volume of columnar parenchyma cells, and 1-NAA and GA3 increased the size of leaf spongy parenchyma cells. 6-BAP increased the total chlorophyll (a + b) content in the leaves, and under the GA3 treatment this index tended to decrease. 6-BAP increased the chlorophyll index of plants at the fruit formation stage, and GA3 decreased it at the flowering stage. The net photosynthetic rate increased under the influence of 1-NAA and 6-BAP, and decreased under GA3 treatment. GA3 reduced photorespiration and transpiration in leaves, 6-BAP increased transpiration, and 1-NAA decreased it. All substances increased dark respiration. Treatment with GA3 and 6-BAP reliably increased the maximum quantum efficiency of PSII photochemical reactions. 1-NAA and 6-BAP increased the actual quantum efficiency of PSII photochemistry. The coefficient of chlorophyll fluorescence photochemical quenching significantly increased at flowering under the application of 1-NAA, and tended to increase at the stage of fruit formation under the treatment of 1-NAA and 6-BAP. When GA3 was applied, the rate of chlorophyll fluorescence photochemical quenching was significantly reduced. The index of PSII reaction centers fraction that do not reduce the QB acceptor did not change with the use of 1-NAA and GA3 and tended to decrease after the use of 6-BAP. All growth promotors increased the whole plant dry weight. They reduced the net photosynthetic efficiency at the flowering stage, and at the stage of fruit formation it significantly increased under the treatment with 6-BAP. The 6-BAP caused the redistribution of plastic substances into the fruits due to the decrease in the dry weight of vegetative organs. Treatment with 1-NAA increased the proportion of root dry weight. 1-NAA, GA3 and 6-BAP increased the yield of fruits from one plant by 17%, 22% and 20% respectively due to the increase in the number of fruits per plant. The residual amounts of 1-NAA and 6-BAP in ripe sweet pepper fruits did not exceed the maximum permissible sanitary standards.

Optimization of somatic embryogenesis in Euterpe edulis Martius using auxin analogs and atomic force microscopy

Euterpe edulis Martius is an endangered species of the Atlantic Forest, whose fruits have high antioxidant potential, and propagated exclusively by seeds. The present study assessed the ability of different auxin inducers and picloram analogs to trigger somatic embryogenesis in E. edulis. Immature seeds were harvested, and their zygotic embryos were excised and grown in MS culture medium supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) or picloram at 150, 300, 450, 600 µM. The activity of picloram analogs triclopyr and clopyralid was evaluated in semisolid MS medium. At maturation and germination, picloram-derived calli and somatic embryos isolated from triclopyr-grown cultures were first transferred to pre-maturation medium and, after 30 days, to basal MS or MS medium supplemented with either 5 µM abscisic acid or 0.53 µM 1-naphthaleneacetic acid plus 12.3 µM 2-isopentenyladenine. Finally, somatic embryos with root protrusions were transferred to MS medium devoid of sucrose for 30 days and then acclimatized ex vitro. Scanning, transmission, and atomic force microscopy revealed that picloram was superior to 2,4-D but less effective than triclopyr (100 µM) in inducing embryogenesis. Maturation and germination of somatic embryos in E. edulis can be maximized by 5 µM abscisic acid, and selecting calli via atomic force microscopy.

Phenolic profiling and bioactivity assessment of in vitro propagated Psidium cattleianum Sabine: A promising study

Psidium cattleianum Sabine (strawberry guava) is an evergreen shrub that is grown as a fruiting hedge and has received significant consideration in the food and pharmaceutical disciplines. This study aims to set a promising protocol for in vitro propagation of P. cattleianum, along with profiling the phenolic content of the original plant (OP), induced callus (IC), and regenerated plantlets (RP) extracts, ultimately, evaluating their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer potential. Seeds were treated with commercial bleaching, HCl, and H2O2 to enhance the germination percentage and minimize the contamination percentage. Culturing sterilized leaf explants onto Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with benzyl adenine (BA), 2,4-dichloro phenoxy acetic acid, and kinetin showed the best callus induction, while supplementation of MS media with BA, adenine sulfate, naphthalene acetic acid, and gibberellic acid activated regeneration. Augmentation of MS media with indol-3-butyric acid recorded the maximum rooting percentage. Finally, the obtained rooted shoots were successfully acclimatized in sand and peat moss soil. HPLC-MS/MS profiles of OP, RP, and IC showed a variety of phenolic metabolites. IC extract decreased the viability of MCF-7, HepG2, and K-562 cancer cell lines. Also, OP exhibits strong antioxidant activity. P. cattleianum and its RP are profound sources of phenolic compounds promoted for promising applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Naftalin Asetik Asit, 6-Benzilaminopürin ve İndol-3-Bütirik Asit Kombinasyonlarının Actinidia deliciosa Kallus Gelişimi Üzerine Biyokimyasal Bir Araştırma

Bu çalışmada oksin türevi olan naftalin asetik asit (NAA), sitokinin türevi 6-Benzilaminopürin (BAP) ile indol-3-butirik asit (IBA)’in farklı konsantrasyonları ve kombinasyonları kivi bitkisinin (Actinidia deliciosa) kotiledon eksplantlarına uygulandı. Kallus hücrelerinin fenolik bileşik, antioksidan aktivite, yağ asidi bileşimi ve lipofilik molekül içerikleri incelendi. Kültür ortamında yetiştirilen Actinidia deliciosa sürgünleri 5 santimetreye ulaşınca kotiledonları eksplant kaynağı olarak kullanıldı. Farklı doz ve kombinasyonlarda bitki büyüme düzenleyicileri (BBD) içeren kültür ortamlarında kallus indüksiyonu sağlandı. Kalluslar ile yapılan analiz sonuçlarına göre total fenolik içeriği 0.5 mg L-1 NAA + 1 mg L-1 BAP + 0.5 mg L-1 IBA kombinasyonu içeren F grubunda kontrol grubuna göre azaldığı halde (p