The Central Nervous System (CNS) is a complex network composed of the cerebral cortex and the vertebral column, orchestrating intricate processes through neural networks and chemical regulation. Neurotransmission in the CNS involves neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, neuromediators, and neurotropic factors, playing distinct roles in cellular activity and synaptic plasticity. Various neurotransmitters such as dopamine, glutamate, GABA, glycine, serotonin, and others exert diverse effects on the CNS through specific receptors, influencing synaptic transmission and neuronal excitability. GABA, the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter, acts via GABA-A and GABA-B receptors, modulating Cl-ion channels and second messenger systems, impacting seizure activity and CNS function. Epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by abnormal brain activity leading to recurrent seizures, results from an imbalance between excitatory (glutamate) and inhibitory (GABA) systems. The pathophysiology involves neuronal hyperexcitability, disrupted ion channels, and neurotransmitter imbalances, leading to seizures with varying symptoms and severity. The etiology of epilepsy encompasses genetic predisposition, head injuries, brain disorders, infections, prenatal injuries, and developmental disorders. Treatment options include medications, surgery, brain stimulation therapies, and dietary interventions like the ketogenic diet Understanding the mechanisms underlying epilepsy involves exploring neurotransmitter interactions, ion channel dynamics, and neuroendocrine modulation. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and steroid hormones, such as testosterone and estrogen, play roles in seizure susceptibility, offering potential avenues for therapeutic intervention. In conclusion, unravelling the complexities of the CNS and epilepsy involves deciphering intricate neural pathways, neurotransmitter functions, and hormonal influences. Developing targeted therapies that modulate these intricate systems may offer promising approaches for managing epilepsy and related neurological conditions.

Depressive disorder, commonly known as depression, is a prevalent and often debilitating mental health condition. It is characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities. Depression is a leading cause of disability in adults, with treatment options primarily consisting of psychotherapy and pharmaceutical interventions. However, the adverse effects associated with conventional antidepressants can lead to treatment non-adherence in a significant proportion of patients. This paper reviews the symptoms, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and standard treatments for depression, including various classes of antidepressant medications and their associated adverse events. It highlights the urgent need for alternative therapies, particularly in cases where conventional treatment proves ineffective. In recent years, herbal medicines have gained attention as potential options for managing depression. This review explores the therapeutic agents used in the treatment of depression, such as curcumin, carvacrol, resveratrol, ferulic acid, and proanthocyanins. These natural compounds have demonstrated promising antidepressant effects in preclinical studies, with mechanisms of action involving the regulation of the HPA axis, modulation of monoamine neurotransmitters, and promotion of neurogenesis and neurotropic factors. The paper discusses the bioavailability and absorption challenges of these herbal compounds and proposes innovative delivery methods to enhance their effectiveness. For instance, buccal delivery has shown promise in increasing the absorption of resveratrol, improving its bioavailability. In conclusion, this review emphasizes the growing body of scientific evidence supporting the use of herbal alternatives in managing depression. These phytochemicals offer potential benefits in addressing depressive symptoms through multiple mechanisms, including neuroprotection and neurogenesis. As research in this field continues to evolve, herbal treatments may provide a valuable adjunct or alternative to traditional therapies for individuals struggling with depression, particularly in cases of treatment resistance or intolerance to standard medications.

Background: Every nutrient has distinctive qualities and benefits a person's physical health. Nutrients are the fuel we need to enable the body to break down food and then put this to use in the body to repair and build cells and tissue, which is our metabolism. Although vitamins are just as important for health as macronutrients like fats and carbohydrates, they are required in far smaller quantities. They are crucial for many regular body processes, including cell development and reproduction, but their role in the cell's energy-processing capacity is crucial. A vitamin's ability to be absorbed, retained, and excreted by the body determines whether it is referred to as "fat-soluble" or "water-soluble". Objective: The main objective of this article is to provide standards that serve as a goal for good nutrition. Method: This study is presented as a narrative commentary based on the information gathered from the various websites. Results and Discussion: The recommended daily allowance (RDA) and adequate intake (AI) are the amounts of a vitamin or minerals you require to maintain good health and adequate nutrition. A minimal number of fat-soluble vitamins are required by the body to maintain good health. The immune system, muscle and heart function, blood supply and clots, eye health, and other bodily processes all depend on fat-soluble vitamins to function properly. Providing coenzymes for vital metabolic processes, water-soluble vitamins perform a vital role.

Introduction: Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer among women population. Pain during and after chemotherapy is of various types and has no background information on the mechanism and treatment. Aim: To analyse pain after chemotherapy in breast cancer patients. Materials and Methods: It was a Prospective Observational Cohort of 6 month time period at Omega Hospitals, Guntur with 76 patients. Data was collected by direct interaction either with the patient or the patient representative or by studying patient’s profile through questionnaire. Statistical Analysis: All the collected data was entered into Excel sheet (Microsoft Excel 2016 MSO (16.0.13328.20262) 32-bit: Windows 11 version). The collected data was transported to SPSS (version – 28) for analysis. Results: The intermittent pain was seen in most of the patients (40.8%) along with Continuous Pain (14.5%) & Predominantly Neuropathic Pain (3.9%). Conclusion: Inspite of robustic research on the characteristics of pain, patients complain of pain in other locations too. Also, researches should throw light on management, prevention and identification of pain by various techniques like radiation or surgery. We can certainly hope that by considering diagnosis, management, prevention we can improve clinical patient outcome with less adverse drug reactions.

Objective: The objective of this work is to prove and validate Tangential Flow Filtration System for high yield drug substance of vaccine as product and also to provide the experimental insight for vaccine industrial personnel to acquire the knowledge on the process validation of the system to obtain high and consistent yield of the product. Methods: The method in this work involves the experimental determination of the process parameters for Tangential Flow Filtration system such as Trans-membrane pressure and flux including validation of these parameters to achieve the high yield drug substance with consistency. The experiment entails the execution of three validation batches with different variables during the process and standardized at the point of maximum yield with similar reliability. Results: The performed validation of Tangential Flow Filtration system was so optimal and suitable for identification of parameters that controlled the yield of the drug substance consistently and validated accordingly. Statistical evaluation of the optimized parameters results from three consecutive batches was done and the mean was calculated individually as 0.25 bar for TMP, 0.4 LMH for flux and 402.6mg/mL for drug substance yield. Conclusion: The considered approach in the process validation of Tangential Flow Filtration system includes independent verification and application of parameters, which supports maximum yield of the vaccine product. The execution of these batches was successfully carried out in the laboratory that involves the purification of the upstream harvest sample for obtaining the maximum and consistent yield concentration of the drug substance with the decisive designing and validation of process parameters.

Synthesis of chiral drugs required chiral starting materials organic compounds. DL serine is an amino acid that is used as a key starting material in the synthesis of many drug substances. D or L isomer of Serine will lead to the chiral drug substances whereas DL mixture will lead to racemic drug substances. FTIR can be used as the primary analytical tool for the identification of Serine isomers and its racemic mixture. Many absorption bands in FTIR spectra identify whether a molecule is a specific isomer or racemic mixture. A systematic comparison of FTIR spectroscopic data is carried out revealing that the compound is the specific isomer and the racemic mixture shows different spectra with different bands.

Jaggery has been used traditionally in all Indian villages. It is a concentrated product of cane juice which has 50% sucrose, up to 20% invert sugars, and also contains insoluble matter, such as wood ash, proteins, and fibres, whereas granulated sugar, refers to sucrose, a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose. Jaggery is better option than sugar in diabetics since it reduces oxidative stress in diabetic patients. Sugar intake on long term causes dysglycemia. Constant raised sugar levels have produces central adiposity, hypertension or some elevation of blood pressure, hyperglycaemic episodes in form of glucose intolerance. Artificial sweeteners on long term usage can be possibly not favourable as they cause weight gain, hypertension. There is no corelation of any tumour production with Aspartame.

The solution phase synthesis of dipeptides employing HATU/HOBt as coupling agent by using microwave irraidation has been mentioning in this article. The coupling reaction completes within 30-45 seconds. All the prepared dipeptides have been characterised by 1 H NMR and mass spectroscopy.