Carson McCullers’ The Ballad of the Sad Café is a mysterious novella depicting the clash between masculinity and femininity and their strife for dominance in a southern patriarchal society. In the midst of this quarrel, the arrival of the effeminate Cousin Lymon to the town marks the emergence of a new atmosphere. Since the Ballad is similar to many American literary works which delineate the father-figure as either absent or weak, and with reference to Gilles Deleuze’s vitalist-inspired philosophy, this article aims to argue that the arrival of Lymon to the town is reminiscent of the return of the mother-figure, which entails creativity and birth. With Lymon’s becoming-woman, an immense change pervades the town and Miss Amelia’s café; however, as the society of brothers is always under the threat of the return on the part of the father figure, with Marvin Macy’s return from the penitentiary, a block of becoming barricades any further flourish of brotherhood, and sanguinity gives its place to annihilation. Here, once the banner of becoming-woman, Lymon grabs this opportunity to conspire with the father-figure in order to break the fixity of the café and guarantee his nomadic flow.

The article focuses on increasing developments in the structure of the language of online communication. It is already common knowledge that online communication or otherwise, multimedia communication has set quite specific language rules, especially in the ways of encoding and, consequently, decoding messages. The so-called “new normal” has gradually crept into reality, even if virtual, unnoticed, and seems to have stayed. The “new normal” does not remain the same and changes with time and the new requirements of the users. The ever-growing striving of people to make things work faster has not left the sphere of human communication untouched, particularly, informal online communication. Thus, most of the changes in the means of encoding a message primarily aim at brevity and efficiency. It is noteworthy that changes are mainly implemented by young users of online space. It is usually they who set new trends in the ways and means of coding meaning in the text, often posing challenges and risks in balancing personal and professional boundaries.

The article is a tribute to the 90th anniversary of Franz Werfel’s renowned novel The Forty Days of Musa Dagh. Borrowing Roland Barthes’ approach to texts – regarding their function and effects – and his explanation of writerly texts (scriptible), I see The Forty Days of Musa Dagh as one such text that, according to Barthes, is not a product but a production perpetually present, continuing to force the reader to participate, ponder and find a meaning or meanings, an entrance, among the plurality of entrances, an opening into the text. Ninety years after the publication of Franz Werfel’s literary masterpiece, there are still discussions ongoing and new insights being added. In my presentation, I will open my own way into the metamorphic perception of this timeless artistic creation by Diasporan Armenians and the world and focus on its function as the embodiment of the Armenian spirit of resistance to injustice, as a tool against the Turkish denial of the Armenian Genocide – the Turkish hysteria against this novel and repression of European governments to denounce it is further proof of its power – its effect on the self-realization and reawakening of the generations of Armenians on the verge of assimilation. I have often spoken and written about the impact of genocide literature on the understanding of the scope of the calamity and the universal truth that lies at the roots of factual writings and documents. The Forty Days of Musa Dagh is the most expressive voice in the history of the Armenian Genocide, an unequivocal representation of the horrifying reality, the prototype of the crime against humanity, ultimately playing a major role in influencing and inspiring Rafael Lemkin to devise the word “genocide”. I will point to why and how about 312 passages totalling 1062 lines, that is 11% of the original was omitted in the first English translation and reinstated in the new, 2012 version. The ensuing enthusiastic salutation of this new publication is representative of Diasporan Armenians’ continuing devotion to the book and the author.

The article is dedicated to the 90th anniversary of the heroic novel The Forty Days of Musa Dagh. One of the most discussed and influential genocides globally is the Armenian Genocide which has been explored in journalistic, academic and artistic ways. Despite war-time censorship, the mass deportations and killings of the Armenians in the Ottoman Empire during World War One was covered extensively and graphically by the international press. Such atrocities became a catalyst for the emergence of the important analytic terms of ‘crimes against humanity’ and ‘genocide’, along with the extension of the concept of ‘war crimes’. These three terms constitute key conceptual aspects in international criminal law, history and the social sciences. In addition to new analytical frameworks seeking to portray the magnitude of mass atrocity crimes, we also have witnessed personal accounts within an Arts and Humanities format. The Arts have often explored the personal costs of war, genocide and their extended aftermath. Franz Werfel’s historical novel “The Forty Days of Musa Dagh” was an exemplary example and its international influence was extensive. Forms of coverage and commentary on genocide can include a range of approaches from journalistic accounts, academic historical writings, memoirs, museums, social science theorizing to various aspects of the Arts, such as novels, plays, poetry, film, paintings and music. While detached academic accounts are important to develop our analytical understanding; more engaged personal artistic forms of expression can be profoundly influential in fostering empathy and sympathy towards the victims. The Arts can be powerful forms of personal connection. In the tradition of Franz Werfel’s novel, an overview of a variety of works in the Arts about the Armenian Genocide will be discussed. Together, the different approaches of i) journalistic first-impressions, ii) the academic analytical mind and iii) the Arts’ passionate heart can help us to more effectively remember, understand, sympathize and educate about genocides. It is useful to employ a variety of ways of reaching potential bystanders to remember, understand and become more engaged to overcome the devastating impact of genocide.

Rapid changes in various spheres of the world and in the field of education in particular make the role of foreign language teaching and learning of paramount significance. In this regard, the study of the recent developments in the methods of foreign language teaching is not only crucial but also necessary, as sharing information is commonly implemented through language. The present research is meant to provide a comprehensive overview of the historical developments and an in-depth view of the latest advancements in foreign language teaching from both theoretical and practical perspectives with a focus on the use of innovative teaching strategies, approaches, styles and technology integration to enhance foreign language learning and teaching. This article is also aimed at shedding light on the importance of considering the requirements and needs of today’s learners when choosing the appropriate methods of teaching by teachers. Herein it is of primary concern to take into account the fact that due to manifold developments in different fields of human activity, language teaching undergoes different changes and requires new methods and approaches. In addition to all these factors, FL teaching and learning should be directed to the enhancement of intercultural competence, as it can help learners develop a more open-minded attitude towards different cultures. This work particularly highlights the necessity of changing the roles of FL teachers that reflect a shift towards a more learner-centered and technology-enhanced approach to language teaching and learning. These new roles are aimed to foster learner autonomy and critical thinking skills, to engage learners in active learning, and to create a positive learning environment. They also promote collaborative interactions among learners, recognizing and addressing their needs by providing learners with constructive feedback, authentic and varied language input.

The experience of genocide usually locks the mouths of the victims' descendants for two generations. It is usually communicated in the third or grandchildren's generation. The literary expression of this externalization is a prose that oscillates between fiction and factography, which emerged already decades ago in the large Armenian diaspora communities of the USA and France and is now very widespread. Peter Balakian's Black Dogs of Fate and Micheline Aharonian Marcom's genocide trilogy are probably the most internationally known examples. In Germany, the evolution was considerably delayed. There is no quantitatively large Armenian diaspora here. The community of around 60,000 people is also heterogeneous in terms of their countries of origin. Most of them originally came from Turkey; in the meantime, numerous Armenians from the post-Soviet space have joined them. The Young Turks’ genocide of 1915/6 was first addressed in German by authors of Jewish origin, namely Franz Werfel and, after WW2, Edgar Hilsenrath. Since 2019, four novels by authors of Armenian descent have been published: Katerina Poladjan’s Hier sind Löwen (2019), Laura Cwiertnia’s Auf der Straße heißen wir anders (2022), Marc Sinan’s Gleißendes Licht (2023) and Corinna Kulenkamp’'s Aprikosenzeit, dunkel (2023). With the exception of K. Poladjan’s novel, these are all debut novels, which is at the same time indicative of the importance of the topic for the authors. The genre hybridity of these works, which combine the features of family, coming-to-age and travel novels, is likewise characteristic. As a subgenre of German-language post-migrant prose, these novels are about the authors' or their protagonists' confrontation with their hybrid descent from Armenian-German or Turkish-Armenian homes, about identity and belonging, as well as the confrontation with the post-Soviet state of Armenia, which remains alien and incomprehensible to the authors or their protagonists, just as the acceptance of the genocide as an obligation to remember and a legacy seems difficult to bear. In this article, dedicated to the 90th anniversary of the heroic novel The Forty Days of Musa Dagh, I intend to describe the peculiarities and weaknesses of the recent post-genocidal remembrance prose in the German language on the basis of the four novels mentioned above.

Arshag Chobanian’s extensive article “La nation Arménienne et son œvres culturelle” published in 1945 is dedicated to the Armenian Genocide, committed by the leaders of the Young Turks. They chose the following solution for the Armenian Question - Armenia without Armenians. It cites many testimonies of contemporaries, which are full of terrifying facts, and shows us the brutality of the Turkish government. It makes an accent on many glorious facts of the historical past of the Armenian nation, which confirm the most honorable role of Armenia in the history of mankind. It is shown that, although the Armenian inhabitants of Western Armenia were exterminated, they continued their historical course on a territory much smaller than their historical motherland, and were revived. There are many facts about how great the role of Armenians was in developing Turkey in the fields of culture, industry and especially architecture. I dedicate this article to the 90th anniversary of the publication of the heroic novel The Forty Days of Musa Dagh where an episode of Armenian’s self-defence stuggle against the Genocide of Armenians is skillfully depicted due to Franz Werfel’s humanitarian impulses.

The research is devoted to the study of special vocabulary used in English chess terminology. It analyzes the lexical and semantic aspects, develops criteria for the functional and stylistic differentiation of special units of chess terms, and identifies the appropriate links between special units. Using the field principle allows the distribution of chess terms to the core, near, far, and extreme peripheries. Chess terms are designed in the form of a ring diagram. The novelty of the research lies in the proposed scheme of systematization of special lexical units of the subject area and the construction of the lexico-semantic field ‘Chess game’ in the English language. The materials for the analysis were taken from modern English, American and German chess sources: British Chess Magazine, Chess Life Magazine, Rochade Europa, Schach Magazin 64 as well as chess dictionaries. The number of analyzed chess terms is about seven thousand, which is 45% of the total number of titles. The author concludes that different types of units in chess terminology are heterogeneous. Chess terms have many characteristics, ranging from highly specialized terms to slang expressions and nicknames.

The following article addresses the long-lasting conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan the center of which is Artsakh. The case was taken to the International Court of Justice. We strive to analyze the case by studying the speech of each countries’ representative, i.e. Yeghishe Kirakosyan’s speech representing Armenia, and Elnur Mammadov’s speech representing Azerbaijan. Our goal in this article is to unveil some linguistic, extra-linguistic, and rhetorical properties present in their speeches. Linguisic means may be detrimental in affecting the judges’ decision, hence the intersection of legal discourse and linguistics creates a wider opportunity to reach a better outcome.

This paper delves into the memoirs of Armenian Genocide survivors in Italy, examining how, despite the immense emotional toll, these individuals eventually found the strength to document their suffering. It explores the ways in which they navigated the silence surrounding their trauma, ultimately putting pen to paper to share the horrors they witnessed. These memoirs serve as crucial testimonies, offering the world invaluable insights into the atrocities of the genocide and ensuring that these stories, once buried in silence, are preserved for future generations. The paper also considers the cultural and psychological barriers that survivors faced, as well as the profound importance of memory in shaping historical understanding. The idea of ​​this article was born in me in connection with the 90th anniversary of the novel The Forty Days of Mount Musa by Franz Werfel, a great supporter of humanity and peace and an unwavering critic and rejecter of genocidal acts because the lessons conveyed to us by the survivors’ memoirs are instructive and deserve attention.