Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and chronic periodontitis (CP) have a bidirectional association; scaling and root planing (SRP) alone has limited efficacy in their comorbidity, with controversial photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) adjunctive efficacy. Objective: To quantify PBMT + SRP's effects on periodontal [probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL)], glycemic [fasting plasma glucose (FPG), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c)], and inflammatory [high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)] indices in patients with T2DM + CP and explore heterogeneity (PBMT parameters, study region) for clinical optimization. Methods: Following PRISMA 2020, we searched six databases (PubMed, Cochrane Library, etc.) from inception to August 24, 2025, for PBMT-adjuvanted SRP randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Bias was assessed via RoB 2.0, meta-analysis via RevMan 5.4, with preset subgroup analyses. Results: Six RCTs (n = 319) were included. At 3 months of follow-up, PBMT + SRP significantly improved key periodontal indices (PD: MD = -0.87 mm, 95% CI: [-1.00, -0.74]; CAL: MD = -0.47 mm, 95% CI: [-0.65, -0.29]; both p < 0.00001), glycemic control (FPG: MD = -0.79 mmol/L, 95% CI: [-1.41, -0.17], p = 0.01), and systemic inflammation (hs-CRP: MD = -0.99 mg/L, 95% CI: [-1.12, -0.86]; TNF-α: MD = -2.78 pg/mL, 95% CI: [-3.17, -2.39]; both p < 0.00001) versus SRP alone. HbA1c showed borderline significant reduction (MD = -0.81%, 95% CI: = [-1.62, -0.01], p = 0.05). Subgroup analyses suggested 808/810 nm + 0.8-1.5 W as potentially optimal PBMT parameters, though high-power efficacy relied on one small-sample study (n = 40). Notable limitations included high inter-study heterogeneity (most I2 > 90%) and maximum 6-month follow-up. Conclusions: PBMT adjunctive to SRP significantly improves periodontal indices (PD, CAL), FPG, and hs-CRP in patients with T2DM and CP, with borderline HbA1c reduction and good safety. Subgroup analyses identify 808/810 nm + 0.8-1.5 W as potentially optimal PBMT parameters, though high-power efficacy relies on one small-sample study. Given high inter-study heterogeneity (most I2 > 90%) and short follow-up (maximum 6 months), conclusions require validation by standardized, large-sample, long-term, high-quality RCTs.

Background: Vitiligo is a chronic autoimmune skin disorder characterized by depigmented macules and patches due to melanocyte destruction. Traditional therapies include topical corticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors, phototherapy, and systemic immunomodulators. Objective: There is growing interest in alternative and adjunctive light-based therapies, such as 308 nm excimer light and red light, for promoting repigmentation and modulating the immune response. Methods: We report the case of a 37-year-old male patient with non-segmental vitiligo, affecting the arm and hands, who demonstrated significant repigmentation following treatment with 308 nm excimer light and 635 nm red light therapy. Results: The patient had a 3-year history of vitiligo and had previously been unresponsive to topical treatment and 308 nm excimer light monotherapy. However, with the combination of 308 nm excimer light and red light, gradual repigmentation was observed over 3 months. The patient tolerated the therapy well with no adverse effects. Conclusion: This case suggests that the combination of 308 nm excimer light and red light therapy may offer a promising treatment option for vitiligo.

Background: Patients of Asian descent with Fitzpatrick skin types III-V who experience facial acne scars are a relatively under-researched demographic in medical literature, with limited studies specifically addressing their unique skin characteristics and treatment responses. Traditional treatments have variable efficacy and risk of complications. A novel technique that has shown potential in managing scars is the Q-Switched, 1064 nm neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser with a fractional beam profile. Picosecond lasers, with extremely short pulse durations, minimize thermal damage and induce tissue remodeling, reducing post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation risk. Aim: This prospective study was proposed to judge the efficacy of 1064 nm fractional picosecond laser for treating atrophic acne scars in the Indian skin type. Methods: Twenty-two patients completed the study; all were treated at monthly intervals for three sessions. Evaluation based on Investigator's Global assessment along with patient satisfaction scores was carried out for all patients. The safety of the laser was evaluated by noting down adverse effects. Results: Fourteen patients showed improvement of 26-50% by Investigator's Global Assessment, which was similar to the patient satisfaction scores. Post-treatment edema, pinpoint bleeding, and mild erythema were the only side effects noted. Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation was not noted in any of the patients. Conclusions: Fractional picosecond laser can be considered a viable and safe option to treat acne scars in patients with dark skin type.

Background: Blepharoplasty rectifies functional and aesthetic problems of the periorbital area. Objective: This study tests the effectiveness of a combined procedure of blepharoplasty and fractional ablative CO2, resurfacing on a total of 16 patients diagnosed with dermatochalasis and surgical indication for upper blepharoplasty. Methods: Patients underwent a combined procedure of blepharoplasty and fractional ablative CO2 resurfacing. The examinations performed were: measurement of the height of the lacrimal meniscus, tear break-up time (FBUT), Schirmer test and Ocular Surface Disease Index questionnaire. Results: All values returned to baseline 150 days (5 months) from surgery with improvement of the FBUT value. No significant change or worsening in values was observed after laser application and periorbital blepharoplasty. Conclusions: The application of fractional CO2 laser and blepharoplasty could lead to both psychological and social improvement in patients, reducing the potential risks that can lead to dry eye syndrome.

Background: Cultural beauty ideals in South Asia favor both lighter skin and hair pigmentation, creating demand for various lightening procedures. The skin- and hair-lightening products currently on the market carry substantial health risks, including cutaneous adverse effects and systemic toxicity. Given these safety concerns, there's a critical need for safer alternatives. Objective: This study sought to explore the deliberate application of the Q-switched 1064-nm neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (QS 1064-nm Nd:YAG)laser for hair bleaching and to evaluate its concurrent effects on pigmentary clearance and skin rejuvenation in Indian subjects. Methods: This retrospective study analyzed 25 Indian subjects treated with a 1064 nm QS Nd:YAG laser for purposes including hair bleaching, lentigo removal, and skin toning. Participants received 1-3 monthly sessions, with efficacy assessed via clinical photography and a five-point hair lightening scale. Adverse events were documented to monitor safety. Results: The cohort was predominantly female (96%) with higher skin phototypes. "Significant" hair lightening was achieved in 68% of cases, with "maximum" lightening in 8%. Larger spot sizes correlated with greater hair lightening. Beyond hair bleaching, 84% achieved "good" or "excellent" pigmentary clearance, and all saw at least "good" skin rejuvenation. Adverse events were mild and transient, with no significant hypo- or hyperpigmentation. Retinol/tretinoin use was linked to increased post-treatment erythema. All participants reported treatment satisfaction, with 69% achieving moderate to excellent satisfaction levels and no subjects reporting dissatisfaction. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that 1064 nm QS laser treatment effectively bleaches hair with an acceptable safety profile, offering a medically supervised alternative to hazardous chemical products. Its additional benefits for pigmentary clearance and skin rejuvenation position it as a promising aesthetic therapeutic modality.

Background and Aim: Hypertrophic scars (HTs) pose challenges in aesthetic management and patient satisfaction. Conventional treatments such as corticosteroid injections and silicone gels often show limited efficacy on the vascular component. Rhodamine-based intense pulsed light (IPL) targets vascular tissues selectively, offering a potential noninvasive solution. The study aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of rhodamine-based IPL in treating HTs with a prominent vascular component, using clinical photography, dynamic optical coherence tomography (D-OCT), and patient-reported outcomes. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 12 patients with persistent HTs characterized by a prominent vascular component. Each patient received two IPL treatments at 20-day intervals using a rhodamine-based IPL device. Outcomes were assessed through digital photography and D-OCT imaging to quantify changes in vascular and structural characteristics. The Vancouver Scar Scale was used for clinical assessment. Patient satisfaction was evaluated using the Aesthetic Numeric Analogue (ANA) scale, and adverse effects were documented at each visit. Results: Most patients demonstrated clinical and instrumental improvements. Digital photography and D-OCT data indicated significant reductions in erythema, vessel diameter, and vessel density. Clinical observers reported good to excellent improvements in 10 out of 12 patients. ANA scores showed increased patient satisfaction. Mild, transient erythema was observed in some patients, with no severe adverse effects reported. Conclusion: Rhodamine-based IPL therapy is a safe, effective treatment for HTs with prominent vascular components, reducing vascularization and improving scar texture and appearance. Despite the small sample size, these findings support further exploration of rhodamine-based IPL as a targeted noninvasive therapy in HT management.

Purpose: To systematically review and meta-analyze the efficacy of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs), focusing on the influence of intensity, frequency, and duration on pain reduction and functional improvement. Methods: Through a systematic search of PubMed, Cochrane, and EMBASE, we identified randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving adults with TMD who were treated with PBMT. Ultimately, 40 RCTs were included, and a meta-analysis was conducted using Review Manager 5.4. The primary outcomes included pain, pain-free opening (PFO), maximum-unassisted opening, and maximum-assisted opening (MAO). Results: PBMT significantly reduced pain at the third assessment (T2). The optimal parameters included wavelengths (951-1070 nm) and output power (below 100 mW). Additionally, PFO and MAO significantly improved at T2. Treatment durations exceeding 10 weeks were most effective for articular-muscular TMDs, whereas shorter durations were more beneficial for purely articular or muscular TMDs. Three to four sessions per week yielded the best outcomes. Conclusion: Effective pain reduction was achieved with high wavelengths (951-1070 nm), low power (<100 mW), and frequent, long-term treatment (3-4 times per week over 10 weeks). Avoiding high energy consumption over a short period was crucial. This approach is more effective for articular-muscular TMDs than for purely articular or muscular conditions.

Background: The major challenge in cosmetics is the ability of functional ingredients to penetrate the skin barrier. For this reason, "skin boosters" have been developed, indicating a change from the traditional application of hyaluronic acid (HA) fillers, which had been confined to increasing the volume of the skin, to a more diversified use designed to relieve dermal complications. Methods: Thirty subjects (aged between 31 and 83 years and Fitzpatrick skin types II-IV) with skin irregularities as mild wrinkles or pigmented lesions were enrolled. Patients were treated on the one side with laser and a medical repairing ointment, and on the other side with laser and postlaser exosomes booster solution. Different laser procedures were used (Q-switched laser, CO2 laser, 675 nm nonablative laser). To analyze the effect on postprocedure laser management, patients were monitored before treatment, immediately after, 1 h after, 3 days after, and 30 days after with the imaging system. Results: All the patients treated did not show any significant side effects apart from the redness. The side of the face treated with laser and medical repairing ointment showed a more intense redness than the side treated with laser and postlaser booster solution, both immediately after and 1 h after the treatment. Conclusions: These data confirm that the use of the postprocedure laser booster solution helps in posttreatment management by reducing redness statistically significantly, thus allowing patients to return to everyday life in a shorter time.

Background: There is strong evidence supporting the effectiveness of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) in improving neuronal damage and enhancing neuropsychological activities. However, there is limited research on the effects of this method on cognitive function and mood disorders. This project aimed to evaluate the potential benefits of PBMT in improving cognitive status and mood disorders in patients with dementia. Methods: In this randomized, double-blinded, controlled trial, 30 patients with mild-to-moderate dementia participated. The patients were divided into two groups: the first group (n = 15) received standard treatment along with PBMT, whereas the second group (n = 15) received standard treatment along with the use of an off-device on the head. Cognitive function, anxiety, and depression levels were assessed before, immediately after treatment, and 1 month later. Results: The comparison of cognitive functional score at baseline, after completing the therapeutic regimen, as well as one later showed no difference between the two groups (Table 1). Similarly, the two groups had similar mean scores for depression and anxiety at baseline and after treatment interventions. [Table: see text] Conclusion: The treatment likely has no significant impact on improving cognitive status or mood disorders in patients with mild-to-moderate dementia.

Background: Green light photobiomodulation (GPBM, 500-565 nm) promotes tissue healing, reduces inflammation, and alleviates pain, with emerging potential in bone repair. This review evaluates GPBM's therapeutic effects on bone-related cells (proliferation, differentiation, migration), inflammation, vascularization, and neuronal responses. Methods: We assessed the influence of different GPBM parameters, possible underlying molecular mechanisms, and prospects for invivo applications based on available studies. Results: GPBM acts through mitochondria, opsins, and transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) channels. The most effective irradiation method uses low irradiance (5.3-100 mW/cm2) with a single exposure of ∼5 J/cm2. Excessively low irradiance is ineffective, while excessively high irradiance may cause inhibitory effects. GPBM enhances bone-related cell functions, suppresses inflammation, and promotes vascular and neuronal responses. Conclusions: GPBM shows promise for bone repair, but further research is needed to optimize parameters, clarify molecular mechanisms, and standardize clinical trial protocols to ensure reliable invivo outcomes.