Air pollution is one of the important environmental problems that affect people directly or indirectly socio-economically. The quality of the air we breathe affects our health, safety, comfort and sustainable life. One of the major air pollutants in city centers is carbon monoxide (CO) emission from vehicles. Inhalation of high concentrations is a health hazard. In this study CO measurement values between the hours of 2016 and 2020 were analyzed in terms of air quality in Istanbul, which is Turkey and Europe's largest in terms of population, while the 15 largest mega city in the world It was taken into consideration that the data of 19 different stations would be appropriate after the data was first passed through quality control in terms of method. Atmospheric CO varies in time and space scales depending on both the amount of emission and meteorological conditions. In order to see the change in time oscillation about city air pollution, the CO air quality data of the last 5 years, as well as human activities in some months of 2020, have changed within the framework of the Covid-19 pandemic measures, so the previous 2016- 2019 values were compared with the data of 2020. As a result of the analyzes obtained, it has been revealed that atmospheric CO values in Istanbul show significant variation in time and space scales.

One of the alternative types of proton-conducting membranes for a hydrogen-air solid polymer fuel cell is the type of hybrid membranes based on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) crosslinked with aldehyde, modified with sulfonic acid. Earlier, for the first time, we obtained new ion – conducting membranes based on furfural-crosslinked PVA modified with amino sulfonic acid (ASA) and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), as well as membranes not crosslinked with furfural (FUR) or unmodified ASA and TEOS, by a liquid-phase synthesis method, in an organic medium-dimethyl sulfoxide. The values of their ionic conductivity and the degree of swelling in water are presented. In this work, the composition and structure of the obtained ion-conducting membranes are studied using liquid-phase nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy on 1 H nuclei. In the 1 H NMR spectrum of an ion – conducting membrane not cross-linked with the «PVA/ASA», the signal of free OH groups of PVA is observed to disappear, but at the same time a characteristic triplet at 7.1 m.d. is preserved, having a constant of ~51 Hz and components of the same intensity (1:1:1), which corresponds to protons of 14 NH 4 + hydrolyzed ASA. The disappearance of the expanded signal at 9.6 m. d. of protons of the free sulfo group of ASA and a narrow singlet signal at 5.8 m. d. of free protons of the NH 2 group of ASA indicates the interaction of ASA with OH groups of PVA. In the 1 H NMR spectrum of an ion – conducting membrane crosslinked with FUR – «PVA/ASA/FUR», signals of protons of the furan ring of FUR and a signal of its aldehyde group are observed, which is shifted to a strong field, which is determined by the formation of a chemical bond between FUR and the polymer chain of PVA. In the 1 H NMR spectra of all membranes modified by ASA, the appearance of a second weaker-field 14 NH 4 triplet is observed, and in the spectra of a number of ion – conducting hybrid membranes modified by TEOS – «PVA/ASA/FUR/TEOS», signals of the third type of 14 NH 4 + triplets shifted in a strong field relative to the other two 14 NH 4 + triplets were detected. The appearance of additional 14 NH 4 + triplets indicates the formation of several bound forms of the ammonium ion.

The work is devoted to a comprehensive experimental study of the morphology, structure and optical properties of titanium dioxide micropowders with several of modern analytical equipment. The method for obtaining photoluminescence (PL) and Raman scattering (RS) for titanium dioxide micropowders in microresonator cuvette (photon traps) was described. The powders consisting of close-packed particles in the shape of spherical particles of specified sizes (29-63 μm) were studied. In the photon traps, a certain mode is implemented, which is associated of trapping of the exciting radiation inside of device. It is shown that, at room temperature, intense photoluminescence in titanium dioxide micropowders (2.91 eV) was observed in excitation by the second optical harmonic (λ exc = 255.3 nm) of a copper vapor laser. It has been established that in micropowders of titanium dioxide micropowders in photon traps, is possible to observe the phenomenon of combination opalescence, which leads to the sharp (5–6 orders) increasing in the RS intensity in an ultradispersed medium. The high conversion efficiency of the exciting radiation into the RS signal is explained by the large value of the total path that the exciting radiation photon travels in the dispersed medium in the photon trap. It was found that an insignificant amount of silicon and aluminum impurities is present in titanium dioxide micropowders that not affect to formation of the photoluminescence band in the region of 2.91 eV. The developed method for recording PL and RS opens up wide possibilities for recording weak signals of secondary radiation that is important for inorganic and organic substances, as well as for creating small-sized laser analyzers of chemical compounds which is necessary for solving many practical problems.

In the lithosphere of the planet is a large amount of hydrogen associated with other chemical elements. When extracted for industrial use and when interacting with atmospheric oxygen, these compounds form water. Typical examples of such substances are hydrocarbon compounds, widely used in modern energy as fuel. The resulting water vapors are an additional source of fresh water extracted from geological formations. However, the lack of technology to capture these fumes now leads to additional hydration of the atmosphere, which contributes to the development of the planet's greenhouse effect. In the work on the basis of the analysis of combustion reactions, stoichiometric air energy fuels (petrol, diesel, gaseous fuels, wood) and artificial, converted from biomass and coal fuels (ethanol, methanol, butanol, and so on), and also hydrogen fuel. Compare the relative air consumption and water vapors emissions in combustion products. The process determined by the properties of constructional materials of modern achievements of engine (1400 ° С) defines ratios of excess air for different types of fuels, the real consumption of the air, fuel and water vapor emissions. Theoretically, the high consumption of atmospheric air using hydrogen and gas fuel is shown, the lowest in traditional motor fuels (gas, diesel). The useful use of organic fuel and hydrogen oxidation products for fresh water is justified - the development of technologies to efficiently extract water vapor from gas combustion products (oxidation) of energy fuels can contribute to the creation of an additional large source of fresh water commensurate with other natural sources and will contribute to the energy and environmental efficiency of traditional energy facilities. The analysis technique presented in the paper is universal and can be used to analyze any existing and newly created fuel compositions.

In order to ensure high efficiency of natural gas use, increase the reliability and quality of energy supply, it is necessary to introduce alternative energy sources and electric accumulators into the classic GTU energy generation schemes. In this regard, the object of research is a combined autonomous source based on a gas turbine unit (GTU), a wind-driven power plant (WDPP) and energy storage. Energy production at wind turbines is conventionally divided into two stages (day and night), during the day energy is supply into the grid, and at night it is stored in energy storage. The purpose of the article is to determine the economic indicators of this variant of the scheme for combining sources of different types of generation. To determine the effectiveness of the source, a mathematical model was developed with the help of which quantitative and economic indicators are calculated. Initial data: daily schedule of electric loads, average monthly temperature and wind speed, dependence of changes in the electric power of WDPP on wind speed in relative units. According to the presented method, quantitative and economic indicators were calculated, which investigated the impact of changes in the installed capacity of WDPP (200 kW – 1400 kW) on changes in economic indicators: discounted costs, net present value, discounted profitability index (DPI), internal rate of return (IRR) and payback period. The annual output of electricity and heat is stable and amounts to 20409 MWh/year and 239970 GJ/year, respectively. In the publication, a comparative analysis of the obtained economic indicators was made. Discounted costs, despite the decrease in the installed capacity of the GTU, increase as the installed capacity of the wind turbine and energy storage increases. Economic efficiency is reduced, which is reflected in an increase in the payback period and a decrease in the NPV. The reason for this low efficiency is the high unit cost of wind turbines and energy storage. From the results obtained, it can be concluded that the lower the installed capacity of the wind turbine and, accordingly, the energy storage, the higher the economic indicators. At this time, the use of such combinations (GTU, WDPP and energy storage) is beneficial only if the share of the installed capacity of the wind turbine does not exceed 45% of the gas turbine capacity.

The work of the editor-in-chief of the International Scientific Journal for Alternative Energy and Ecology analyzes and presents 10 works of scientists from Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan, Russia, Iraq, China, Turkey, the European Union. Characteristics of the stage in the life of modern civilization is given. associated with the introduction of a new comprehensive approach to solving environmental problems and climate change based on the comprehensive implementation of Alternative Energy and Ecology.

Traditionally, determination of static load characteristics is one of the main stages in the preparation of a design model of an electric power system. It is especially important to correctly take into account energy-intensive industries, which make a huge contribution to the formation of these characteristics. In particular, the increased interest in hydrogen technologies observed in the world, as one of the most promising high-tech areas of energy development, and an increase in the share of the installed capacity of generation facilities based on renewable energy sources determine the prospects for the development of hydrogen production by the electrolysis of water. Accordingly, a significant increase in the scale of application of hydrogen technologies, in particular in accordance with the EU Hydrogen Strategy for the production of green hydrogen, determines the problem of forming correct mathematical models of these devices in terms of planning modes, analyzing them influence on the parameters of electric power systems. Due to the complexity of the physical experiment, especially significant increase or decrease the voltage in a node of an electric power system, it seems relevant to simulate a part of the consumer in order to identify their electric power characteristics. In this paper the results of correction of the static load characteristic of electrolysis tank, which is widely used in the production of aluminum, are presented. Analysis of these results, obtained by MATLAB software, is carried out by using the least squares method to regress the data and to obtain a polynomial function of static load characteristics. According to this analysis, the static load characteristics of electrolysis tank have a parabolic dependences of active and reactive power, the position of which is determined by the parameters of the supply scheme and current-voltage characteristic of rectifiers. For instance, it shifts the vertex of the parabolas, which should be taken into account to improve the accuracy of the calculation scheme.

Nowadays the increased attention in the Russian Federation has been paid to the coal ash handling issue. This is due to a number of reasons: the tightening of environmental regulation with the transition to the principles of the best available technologies, the greening of coal-fired power industry, the depletion of ash dumps of coal-fired TPPs, etc. Today, the average age of coal-fired TPPs is approximately 45-50 years, which significantly affects the technical and environmental performance of the TPP ash removal system. Conventional technical solutions using hydraulic ash removal systems for transporting coal ash slurry at TPPs are technically outdated, uneconomical and environmentally ineffective. Currently, about 1.5 billion tons of coal ash have been accumulated at the ash dumps, and these figures are growing every year. In this regard, the main problem of coal-fired TPPs is the elimination of the accumulated environmental damage, which can be solved only by implementing large-scale projects for the integrated processing of coal ash to obtain products in demand. The article provides an overview and analysis of the main regulatory documents in the field of coal ash handling, including the features of regulatory technical acts, problems that reveal the gaps in the existing regulatory framework and the impossibility of its practical application; proposals for the development of the missing and correct normative and technology-based documents needed to form the technological basis for manufacturing the products from coal ash. The article presents the experience of the Russian company Ecomett-Luch LLC in the integrated processing of coal ash from Primorskaya State District Power Plant regarding the processing of coal ash products of the current output, as well as the wastes disposed off, obtaining various products demanded both in Russia and abroad. The article contains a diagram showing the dynamics of the investment process of developing waste-free production at coal-fired TPPs based on many years of the authors’ experience in the field of coal ash handling.

The study of the literature data showed that yttrium is encapsulated in fullerene molecules in the form of metal atoms, clusters of nitrides, carbides, sulfides and other compounds. Endohedral metallofullerenes are capable of encapsulating up to four metal atoms. In the molecules of these compounds, the metal atoms are positively charged due to the transfer of an electron from the endohedral metal atom to the fullerene carbon cage. First of all, the main experimental and theoretical achievements described in early (up to 2000) works are considered. Achievements in the production, separation (isolation) and various spectroscopic characteristics of endohedral metallofullerenes have been thoroughly studied in an attempt to elucidate their structural, electronic, and solid-state properties. It is shown that endohedral metallofullerenes in electrical conductivity can be metals, semiconductors with small gaps, or insulators, depending on the size of the fullerene, the type and number of encapsulated metal atoms. Other electronic and magnetic properties of metallofullerenes are also interesting. Also, some promising applications of metallofullerenes are considered. In addition, when analyzing the literature on the synthesis and properties of metalloendofullerenes, a very large number of publications related to the exohedral functionalization of metallofullerenes attracts attention. First of all, it should be noted that the main problem hindering the development of science, technology and the use of fullerenes, endohedral metallofullerenes and nanotubes was the difficulty of obtaining high-purity samples. When metals are introduced into the electric arc process, the situation becomes more complicated due to the presence of many isomers of both fullerenes and endohedral metallofullerenes. Exohedral functionalization helps to solve the problem of separation of synthesis products, on the one hand, and leads to the production of substances with new useful properties and potential applications in materials science and medicine. It is noted that currently the most productive and widespread method for the production of endohedral fullerenes is the electric arc process. The quantitative and qualitative output of metallofullerenes is significantly influenced by the conditions of the process in the reactor.

COVID-19 period changed daily-life such as precautions, restrictions and most importantly lockdowns in almost every country. Turkey has been one of the struggling countries especially the period after 15 th of March, 2020. As many scientists from all over the world have been researching coronavirus’ medication, COVID-19’s possible relations have been also investigated. These relations are mostly focused on the respiratory system and immune system as well as human-to-human transmission. Air pollution is also known as a threatening factor for human life, furthermore China’s reduced air pollution is shown in the COPERNICUS Sentinel 5P and TERRA/MODIS AOD images during the lockdown process. In this study, it is aimed to analyze the air pollution in Istanbul while life in Turkey has almost stopped. Ministry of Environment and Urbanization’s PM 10 , PM 2.5 , NO 2 , CO, SO 2 and O 3 pollutant datasets are taken into consideration as two different periods which represent the time before the lockdown from Jan 1 st to March 15 th as first period and during the lockdown from March 16 th to May 31 st as second period for Istanbul is analyzed. These periods are also examined for the same dates in 2018 and 2019. Results are important to find out how air pollution has decreased in Istanbul during coronavirus lockdown period, especially 40% decrease of NO 2 pollutant in contrast with 2018 and 2019 dataset for the same period of the year in 2020.