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Sources of Cysteine-Based Pharmaceutical Drugs and Their Halal Aspects in Pharmaceutical Product Development

Indonesia is the country with the largest Muslim population in the world, so supplements and medicines consumed must be halal (permissible in Islamic law). Cysteine is an essential amino acid that is crucial to human biological functions. Cysteine can be used as a mucolytic agent to help thin mucus in respiratory diseases such as bronchitis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It also serves as an antidote to acetaminophen for detoxification purposes or as an antidote to counteract paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose, a commonly used drug to relieve pain and reduce fever. Additionally, it functions as a supplement. This research aims to comprehensively review the sources of cysteine, its production, and its use in pharmaceuticals, as well as the opinions of scholars regarding the halal aspects that need to be considered in developing pharmaceutical products containing cysteine. The methods employed include searching through references from research articles obtained from Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, NCBI, Elsevier, and the Qur'an, Hadiths, and other Islamic literature sources. The compound structures are depicted using the ChemSketch tool from ACD/Labs. Mucolytic and acetaminophen drugs, such as acetylcysteine, can be derived from both animal and plant sources through chemical and non-chemical separation processes. Cysteine is generally a precursor for the synthesis of acetylcysteine. Cysteine sourced from specific organs, such as pig hair, has differing opinions among various scholars regarding its permissibility. However, the prevailing view and fatwa tend to lean towards its prohibition, depending on the source, process, and urgency of its use.

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Authentication propriety standard halal gelatine catfish skin from periodization quarantine (istihalah) in cultivation with feed containing pig contaminants

The limitations of fish meal as a feed ingredient were addressed by utilizing food waste, specifically pig innards. Concurrently, the rising demand for halal gelatin in the market generated a substantial need for fish skin by-products. This study aimed to determine the authentication propriety of halal standards for gelatin derived from catfish skin that had been fed with fish meal containing pig components over three different quarantine periods (istihalah): 0, 3, and 6 days after harvesting. The verification of the halal standard was conducted through the specific DNA analysis of pig components. This testing was performed at each stage, including the feed containing pig, the fish skin, and the catfish gelatin. The gelatin in the catfish skin was predominantly composed of the amino acids glycine and proline. The fish enlargement stage resulted in a skin yield of 5.36 ± 0.75%. The yields of gelatin were 8.67%, 9.94%, and 9.19%, with gel strengths of 133.4 ± 1.2 bloom, 129.9 ± 1.4 bloom, and 121.9 ± 2.8 bloom for the 0, 3, and 6 days of istihalah, respectively. Gelatin characterization using FTIR indicated the presence of functional groups such as amide A, amide I, amide II, and amide III. Real-time PCR detected the presence of pig DNA in the feed; however, it was not detected in the skin and gelatin of the catfish. Ultimately, a quarantine period of 0 days for catfish fed with pig-containing feed was sufficient to cleanse the catfish skin of pig contaminants, with no indication of pig DNA being found.

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Halal enzymatic cosmetic ingredients: the role of enzymes in ingredients selection

The large Muslim population in the world lead to an increasing demand for halal products. One of the halal products that is still difficult to determine is cosmetic products. The cosmetics industry is still dominated by non-halal products. One of the active ingredients that is currently popular is the use of enzymes. Many enzymes that isolated from living organisms come from pigs or halal animals that are not slaughtered according to the Islamic law. Ensuring that enzymes used in cosmetics are derived from halal sources is mandatory for achieving halal certification. Cosmetic enzymes generated from microorganisms through fermentation can be considered halal if the raw materials and growth medium are halal-compliant. Compliance with regional and international standards, such as the Indonesian Ulema Council's Fatwa and the Malaysian Cosmetic and Personal Care Standard, is crucial for halal cosmetics. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review of the role of enzymes in the selection of Halal-compliant cosmetic ingredients. The source of the enzymes employed is one approach to assess the halalness of cosmetic products. The utilization of halal enzymes is necessary to give Muslims assurance while using a cosmetic product. Enzymes that are considered halal are enzymes that sourced from plants.

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Strategy to increase the number of halal self declared certification in Indonesia

Self-declared halal certification is a type of certification intended to simplify the halal certification process for Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs). However, in reality, the number of self-declared halal certifications in Indonesia is still not maximizing its optimal potential. Out of the available quota of 349,834 free halal Self-declared certifications from governments, only 119,662 quotas have been used (BPJPH 2022). In fact, there are more than 64 million MSEs in Indonesia that are still not halal certified. Even though self-declared halal certification has advantages form MSEs over other types of halal certification, there are still several problems in implementation in the field which are reflected in the low number from MSEs that are halal certified. Therefore, a strategy is needed to answer this problem. The purpose of this research is to identify the SWOT analysis related to self-declared halal certification and to formulate a strategy to increase its usage from stakeholder perspective. SWOT method is used to applied the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats and the possible development strategies of self-declared stakeholder namely the Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI), PPH Assistance and Halal Product Guarantee Organizer (BPJPH) The ANP method prioritizes these four aspects and the best strategy in developing halal self-declared policy. An aggressive strategy is needed through equitable information dissemination and optimizing the support of PPH assistants to address the challenge of the low number of self-declared halal certifications. From this research we recommend the Government to provides a reasonable honorarium for PPH assistants. BPJPH can enhance governance and expedite the development of AI and blockchain technologies to facilitate UMK and PPH assistants in the document collection process. In addition, PPH assistants can adopt more proactive and creative approaches in their assistance.
 
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 Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia No. 39 Tahun 2021.
 
 
 

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