The name Amyloid is derived from the word "Oid", which means semi-starch, which is a protein that transforms into the shape or amyloid state when a distortion or a change occurs in its secondary structure as it becomes insoluble, shaped, and assembled as beta folded sheets. The structure of the amyloid protein can be seen by the electronic microscope as a group of non-branched fibers, with unspecified lengths and cross-sections between (7.5–10) nanometers. Also, the distinguished structure (the folded beta sheets) is clearly seen, and this structure is responsible for the unique pigmentation that is shown by the amyloid proteins with the Congo red stain.

In Nigeria, Cassava processing and its associated waste have been a source of worry regarding environmental pollution. Uncontrolled disposal of the waste has contributed to a number of environmental concerns including fluxes in microbial population. However, the liquid wastes squeezed out during the processing of cassava have been discovered to be beneficial. Hence, this study is aimed at the isolation, multiplication and preservation of fermenting microflora associated with cassava wastewater for economic value as well as for environmental sustainability. A comparative analysis of microorganisms found on harvested cassava tubers of length 30cm+ 0.3m, weight +378g and microorganisms associated with the fermentation of cassava tubers was carried out. Freshly harvested cassava tuber samples were collected at Idu Industrial District, Port Harcourt, Nigeria at Latitude: 9.05245 N93'8.8254" Longitude: 7.34406 E720'38.61672". The samples were preserved in the refrigerator within 24 hours after collection and transported to the Rivers State University laboratory for microbiological evaluation. Cassava tubers were washed, peeled and cut into 3cm, soaked into 10 liter rubber container containing 1200ml of tap water collected from Mgbuoshimini layout, Port Harcourt, Rivers State. After 5 days of the fermentation process, fermented cassava tubers were mashed and examined using different microbiological parameters. The microorganisms isolated from harvested raw cassava included; bacteria: (Staphylococcus spp., Bacillus spp, Lactobacillus spp.) and fungi: (Trichosoporon mucoides) while the microorganisms isolated from fermented cassava included: bacteria: Bacillus subtilis, Coryrebacterium manihot Bacillus spp, and fungi: (Aspergillus niger and Geotrichum candidum). Preservation of the cassava fermenting microorganisms was carried out using sterile grinded cow bone (calcium carbonate). This study has revealed that the effluent waste associated with cassava processing can be a veritable resource of fermenting microorganisms that can be sold for economic and environmental sustainability purpose.

The aim of the current study was to investigate the morphological and histological effects of Bisphenol A on chicken Ross 308 during embryonic development A total of 150 eggs were randomly divided into five groups: negative control, positive control injected with con oil and treatment groups administered with different concentrations of Bisphenol A (0.005, 0.02 and 0.1 microliters/egg). The eggs were injected on the second day of incubation and the evaluation was conducted on days 10 and 21 of incubation. Our results showed different abnormal observations at both ages of incubation including skin redness, presence of hemorrhagic spots on the head and around the eyes, congenital anomalies in the upper and lower limbs, chick lethargy and inflammation, particularly in the caudal region. Additionally, there was a clear paralysis in a chicken aged 21 days. Microscopically, there were changes in the liver structure representing congestion in the central vein, mild focal intercellular changes in hepatocytes, few necrosis and atrophy of hepatic cords. At day 21, there was also dispersed hemorrhagic, inflammatory infiltration slight proliferation of Kupffer cells, fatty degeneration, irregularity of hepatocytes and hepatic cords as well as cloudy swelling.

Phenol in industrial effluent is a major under-reported pollutant of concern to the aquatic ecosystem. In the current study, the effluent was obtained from Eleme Petrochemical Limited, Rivers State Nigeria. Baseline analyses were conducted to ascertain physico-chemical and microbiological parameters. Exogenous bacterial species were isolated from crude oil polluted in Ogoniland. The inoculum was standardized using the MacFarland approach. About 1% inoculum was seeded into the 100 mL effluent for the Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Micrococcus sp, Bacillus tequilensis and consortia. The setup was monitored using Gas Chromatography-Mass spectrophotometry while the acute toxicity was calculated using the Probit method. The acute toxicity of the set-up seeded with Pseudomonas aeruginosa was 718.8 mg/L while the consortia had 941.2 mg/L. The phenol residues were reduced by 100% while the 2-nitrophenol was reduced from 5.13 µg/L to 0.82 µg/L on the 10th day of the study. The remarkable reduction of the phenol residues with the use of microbial cultures goes to show the efficiency of locally sourced feedstock as tools for the degradation of pollutants. There is an urgent need for academia to develop robust microbial bio-mining and culture collection centers for futuristic and commercial use.

Safety and purity of drinking and cooking water sources in rural and riverine communities like Okerenkoko have posed a challenge for scientific discuss in recent times. Water devoid of both chemical and microbiological contaminants have been identified as a major key to wellness of any populace. In this study, eight potable water sources were obtained and evaluated for the study; the potable water sources obtained were treated to a 10-fold serial dilution and plated for aerobic bacterial, fungal, Salmonella-Shigella and Escherichia coli count. The antibiotics sensitivity testing employed the modified Kirby- Bauer method using the Abtek biological multiple disc. The multiple drug resistance was mathematically deduced using the standards and breakpoints. The NMU and George borehole had 5.8 Log10CFU/ml and 5.4 Log10CFU/ml for the total aerobic bacterial count while the total fungal count were 3.1 Log10CFU/ml and 3.6 Log10CFU/ml respectively. The culturable flora observed during the study were Bacillus sp, Escherichia sp., Staphylococcus sp., Streptococcus sp., Shigella sp., Proteus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Klebsiella sp., Vibrio sp. Micrococcus sp. and Escherichia coli. The percentage resistance for the antibiotics revealed cefuroxime and ceftazidime had 64%, while nitrofurantoin had 71% and ofloxacin had 36%. Proteus sp. (1) had an MDR of 1.0, Klebsiella sp. (3) had 0.67 while Salmonella sp. and Escherichia coli had a MDR of 0.22 and 0.11. The findings of the study underscores the health challenges associated with the usage of the available potable water sources in Okerenkoko community. There is need for a community-wide campaign and sensitization on some basic water purification approaches as possible corrective actions to improve the quality of water; government must intervene and provide a routine and robust evaluation for both water safety and sanitary quality in rural communities.

The emergence of new bacterial species in different infections, such as Sphingomonas paucimobilis and Enterococcus faecium needs materials to get rid of, especially if these materials are of 100% natural origin, however, repeated experiments must be conducted from different materials for the same bacterial species until reaching the target material. The research has investigated about if two nosocomial infective bacteria Sphingomonas paucimobilis and Enterococcus faecium could influence with some plants (Lepidium sativum, Sinapis arvensis, Eruca sativa and Raphanus sativus) belong to the Brassicaceae family which are mainly known containing compounds that are effective in combating pathogenic bacteria, using the disk diffusion method. The result was no inhibition zone around the disks saturated with water and alcoholic extracts separately by all plants against these two bacterial species tested. The authors concluded that these bacteria might have adaptation from previous exposure to their environment. From our result, it is clear that there is a need to test extracts from other plants to resist these two bacterial species, which may pose a health risk, especially since they are previously registered to be resistant to antibiotics.

Poor hygiene and sanitary practices among poultry meat sellers can lead to the contamination of meat. This contamination can occur as a result of contamination from the contact surfaces in the cold room and retail outlet. The aim of the present study was to assess the sanitary quality of Broiler meat and its contact surfaces (apron, butcher hand, butcher table, bowl, butcher knife and weighing scale) in cold room and retail outlet. Swab samples were assessed for total bacteria count, total coliform count, total staphylococcus count and total fungal counts using Standard Microbiology methods. Mean Total viable count of each sample ranged from Log 10 cfu/cm2/g 3.64 to7.94 and 3.14 to 4.75 from the retail outlets and Cold-room respectively. Mean Total Staphylococcus count. of each sample ranged from Log 10 cfu/cm2/g 1.67to 4.67 and 2.01 to 3.87 from the retail outlets and Cold-room respectively. Counts from the retail outlets were significantly higher than counts in the cold room. Organisms isolated included ; Staphylococcus sp, Bacillus sp, Escherichia coli, Proteus sp, Salmonella sp, Aeromonas sp, Pseudomonas sp, Klebsiella sp and Enterobacter sp. Fungi isolated was Aspergillus sp, Saccharomyces sp, Penicillium sp and Rhodotorula sp. Antibiogram was carried out on the isolated organisms it was observed that Klebsiella sp and Enterobacter sp were resistant to most of the antibiotics used. In order to prevent cross-contamination of meat with isolated bacteria, appropriate cleaning and sanitization steps are required. According to the study, meat contact surfaces that were not thoroughly cleaned before usage, could function as a source of cross contamination. It is recommended that meat sellers especially in developing countries need proper education and training on good hygiene practice. Regulating agencies are also advised to ensure strict compliance by meat sellers to safety standards by embarking on routine inspection at retail outlets and market places.

Mutagenic testing of portable water is fast becoming an important protocol for assessing water quality. Two potable water samples were selected from both ground and surface water sources within the Okerenkoko community, Gbaramatu Kingdom, Delta State Nigeria. Ame’s test was employed in the assessment of potential carcinogens in the potable water available to the community. The study was carried out in triplicate to broaden the reproducibility of the study. Sensitivity of the test organism was evaluated using the Salmonella TA98 and Salmonella TA100 which was reconstituted for the study. The average revertant colonies from the study was enumerated to indicate that the test conducted on S3OK (Surface water) had 428.1 and 637.84 revertant colonies using Salmonella TA 100 for both +S9 mix and -S9 mix-conditions respectively while similar replica result was for Salmonella TA 98 was 629.7 and 66.12 revertant colonies. The samples obtained from S1OK had slightly lower number of revertant colonies of 209.16 and 115.94 colonies for Salmonella T.A 100 while for Salmonella T.A 98 had 116.82 and 108.90 colonies for treatments containing S9 mix preparations. The study identified the test organism was Salmonella T.A 98 was more sensitive to the carcinogen present in the S3OK sample being used by a wide population of indigenes of the lower economic class. This study further buttresses the need to develop a more robust monitoring protocol for packaged water sources in Nigeria. Regulatory agencies such as NAFDAC must enforce strict intervention limits for potable water sources.

Accessibility of Potable water in rural and riverine communities have reduced drastically in recent times. A total of six borehole water samples and a freshwater sample were obtained from Okerenkoko community in Delta State, Nigeria. The water samples were analyzed for physicochemical and microbiological parameters using standard procedures. Pearson correlational analysis was employed to evaluate the level of association of the data using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 23. Our results showed that pH concentration values ranged from 5.62 to 7.81, electrical conductivity had 10.03 to 490.01 µS/cm, dissolved oxygen varied from 3.90 to 7.91 mg/L, COD had 10.01 to 50.03 mg/L. The fecal coliform count ranged from 4- 2400 MPN/ml, while the surface water had a fecal coliform count 2400 MPN/ml; fungal count 3.1 Log10CFU/ml and 3.6 Log10CFU/ml respectively, Total aerobic count had a maximal concentration value of 5.8 Log10CFU/ml and 5.4 Log10CFU/ml; Total Salmonella Shigella Count it had a concentration of 4.0 Log10CFU/ml. Microbes associated with the water samples were Bacillus sp., Escherichia sp., Staphylococcus sp., Streptococcus sp., Shigella sp., Proteus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Klebsiella sp., Vibrio sp. and Micrococcus sp. There is an urgent need to source-track the trajectory of pollutants from both from domestic and industrial activities. There is need that the government at all levels should improve the available potable water resources in Okerenkoko community.

The microbial and physicochemical evaluation of water sourced from the Diobu Neighbourhood Water Scheme (DNWS) in Port Harcourt, Nigeria was investigated due to some skepticism by households in the area concerning the water. Inhabitants disinfect their sourced drinking water using chemical agents as well as other crude measures to control microbes. Sixty water samples were collected from two household groups; household group 1- 4 and 5-8 persons (each group had 30 samples each) and analyzed for physiochemical and microbial property using standard laboratory procedure. Heterotrophic bacteria, total coliform, fecal coliform and heterotrophic fungi had mean ± standard deviation counts of 219.5 ± 6.0 x 103, 29 ± 1.0 x 101, 21 ± 3.0 x 101 and 105 ± 3.0 x 102CFU/ml for household group size 1- 4 persons respectively, while household size group 5-8 persons had mean ± standard deviation counts of 890 ± 1.0 x 103, 55 ± 3.0 x 101, 24 ± 8.0 x 101 and 81 ± 2.0 x 102 CFU/ml for heterotrophic bacteria, total coliform, fecal coliform and heterotrophic fungi respectively. The water samples obtained from the household size from 1-4 persons had temperature that ranged from 28 to 30.50C while the water samples from homes with household size of 5-8 had temperature range from 26 to 300C. The physiochemical result reported no dissolve or suspended solid and turbidity. The hydrogen ion concentrations (pH) of water samples obtained from household size group 1-4 persons was 5.0 while that of the water samples in household size group 5-8 persons ranged from 5.0 and 6.0. There was no chlorine, bromine, magnesium and calcium elements in the water samples obtained from the homes’ water samples. Thus, drinking water from household size group 5-8 were more laden with microbes of medical importance. However, physico-chemical examination showed acceptability despite the alleged interference of chemical.