Abstract The Teşkilât-ı Esasiye Kānūnu of 1921 is an interesting snapshot of the state-building process of the Turkish State during the Millî Mücadele. In this transitional period, the Ankara Meclis puts in the Chart all the expectations for the new State, drawing a system strongly based on Parliamentarism. While denying the Imperial authority, it voluntarily defers the definition of the form of the State, paving the way to a new idea of sovereignty. The fundamental Chart constitutes the instrument the Meclis uses to inject new fundamental concepts in the Turkish legal system, while overcoming the concept of osmanlıcılık. A courageous attempt to introduce in Turkey some of the most advanced ideas of public law at that time, it represents the evolution and the end of the second Constitutional Era. This work aims to demonstrate how this Chart and the following reforms represent the base of much of what Turkey was for almost a century.

Abstract It is clear that we need to accelerate transformational change to address complex and inter-connected global challenges such the climate crisis, growing populations and the NCD pandemic. The private sector has a leading role to play in providing equitable and sustainable access to key determinants of health and well-being, including clean water, clean air, healthy and nutritious food and affordable and quality healthcare. Charlotte Ersbøll will argue that when businesses unite with other partners, they can be a powerful force for good. She will present examples of UN Global Compact initiatives convening businesses, UN, academia and civil society partners to set a new agenda for planetary health in business, such as the platform “Putting a Human Face to Climate Change” which helps businesses understand where they have the greatest potential impact and can best deliver science-based co-benefits for climate, food systems and health. Panelists: Guy Fones Secretariat of the GCM/NCD, Office of the Deputy Director-General, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland Contact: fonesg@who.int Margot Neveux World Obesity Federation, London, UK Contact: mneveux@worldobesity.org Filippo Addarii PlusValue, London, UK Contact: filippo.addarii@plusvalue.org

In order to protect buildings against earthquakes that are categorized as "common" according to the Peruvian Earthquake Resistant Standard, a prototype of Recycled Rubber Seismic Isolator ("RRSI") was developed in the structural laboratory of the Japan-Peru Center for Earthquake Engineering Research and Disaster Mitigation - CISMID, Peru. The raw material used to manufacture this device was recycled rubber tires; the rubber tire was cut into square shape sheets with 190mmx190mm of cross-section and a total thickness of around 11 mm. Rubber tire sheets were joined to each other by a vulcanization process, including rubber layers with 3mm of thickness made of recycled rubber tire powder in between rubber tire sheets; and in between the rubber tire sheet and the steel plate at both ends of the bearing.
 Two specimens were tested in a shaking table under a free vibration impulse or displacement in order to get their natural vibration frequency, natural period, and inherent damping. Then, to obtain the hysteretical behavior, a cyclic lateral reversal-loading test was conducted on three different specimens applying a constant axial load of 330MPa, 270MPa, and 220MPa respectively and a lateral displacement pattern with different levels of shear deformations up to the failure, which occurs at a shear strain of around 100%.
 From the experimental results, a nonlinear hysteretic behavior and energy dissipation were observed, decoupling the lateral movement. Finally, a numerical model was proposed to model the nonlinear hysteretic behavior of the RRSI based on a Modified Bouc-Wen model. This numerical model was simulated by using the specimens as base isolators for buildings.

In the last decade, Egypt became more and more integrated with the global economy starting from its participation in the Union for Mediterranean (UfM), a partnership with the goal of creating a European Mediterranean Free Trade Area (EMFTA). Nevertheless, Egypt has been and still is an Islamic State still retaining some of the characteristics of the traditional Islamic legal system. This coexistence of Western practices and values of Islamic tradition makes it a fascinating case study in the field of economy and law. In this paper we will pay particular attention to the development of the law of real estate and land property in Egypt; specifically, we will illustrate how the Islamic character of Egyptian traditional law, attempts of international openness and Egyptian nationalism has combined together during the years. Firstly, we will summarise the key points in the process of reforms that have been put into practice starting from the Prime Ministerial decree 350/2007 establishing that companies and enterprises have the right to own real estates and lands regardless of their nationality or the nationality of their partners and shareholders. This opening to foreign companies was strongly discourage in 2012, by law no. 14 which gives the Minister of the Defence the responsibility of setting regulations concerning land attributions in the Sinai Peninsula. Minister of the Defence banned any foreigners land ownerships (so called ‘Sinai law’), this decision severely affecting the real estate market in the Sinai area, where foreign investments had been a key factor. In 2015 amendments to law no 14 have been introduced, loosening the restrictions on investors that wish to acquire land rights in the area on the Sinai Peninsula. It extends the scope of persons that are outside the range of the Sinai law allowing Non-Egyptians that receive title to a land by inheritance, testament or gift to keep the right of usufruct under certain conditions. We will then focus on the crucial role of the usufruct right. We point out that due to the above-mentioned legal innovation, the usufruct system in Egypt also upholds national security, and guarantees that land–especially that of a special nature like the Sinai Peninsula–will not fall into the hands of foreigners. A particular case of usufruct is the “ waqf ” or religious endowment, consisting of income-producing property whose usufruct is assigned by its original owner to a mosque or to carry out charitable works (e.g. building schools, orphanages and hospitals). The original owner of an endowed property retains his or her ownership in it, but the usufruct right is conveyed to an endowment authority. In Egypt, the Endowments Authority, established since 1971, is affiliated with the Ministry of Religious Endowments: it is the sole competent authority empowered to manage and invest in endowment assets. Such investments can have an impact in real estate system and in the usufruct right scheme in the name of a more pervasive State involvement in this field of investments. All these aspects will be broadly analysed in this paper.

Camalexin (3-thiazol-2′-yl-indole) is the major phytoalexin in Arabidopsis thaliana ([Glawischnig, 2007][1]) and is involved in defense against a wide range of pathogens, such as Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria brassicicola ([Kagan and Hammerschmidt, 2002][2]; [Denby et al., 2004][3]). The pathway

BackgroundFriedel-Crafts acetylation is an important route to aromatic ketones, in research laboratories and in industry. The acetyl derivatives of 3,3′-dimethylbiphenyl (3,3′-dmbp) have applications in the field of liquid crystals and polymers and may be oxidized to the dicarboxylic acids and derivatives that are of interest in cancer treatment.FindingsThe effect of solvent and temperature on the selectivity of monoacetylation of 3,3’-dmbp by the Perrier addition procedure was studied using stoichiometric amounts of reagents. 4-Ac-3,3′-dmbp was formed almost quantitatively in boiling 1,2-dichloroethane and this is almost twice the yield hitherto reported. Using instead a molar ratio of substrate:AcCl:AlCl3 equal to 1:4:4 or 1:6:6 in boiling 1,2-dichloroethane, acetylation afforded 4,4′- and 4,6′-diacetyl-3,3′-dmbp in a total yield close to 100%. The acetyl derivatives were subsequently converted to the carboxylic acids by hypochlorite oxidation. The relative stabilities of the isomeric products and the corresponding σ-complexes were studied by DFT calculations and the data indicated that mono- and diacetylation followed different mechanisms.ConclusionsFriedel-Crafts acetylation of 3,3′-dmbp using the Perrier addition procedure in boiling 1,2-dichloroethane was found to be superior to other recipes. The discrimination against the 6-acetyl derivative during monoacetylation seems to reflect a mechanism including an AcCl:AlCl3 complex or larger agglomerates as the electrophile, whereas the less selective diacetylations of the deactivated 4-Ac-3,3′-dmbp are suggested to include the acetyl cation as the electrophile. The DFT data also showed that complexation of intermediates and products with AlCl3 does not seem to be important in determining the mechanism.

The diverse biological roles of glucosinolates as plant defense metabolites and anticancer compounds have spurred a strong interest in their biosynthetic pathways. Since the completion of the Arabidopsis genome, functional genomics approaches have enabled significant progress on the elucidation of glucosinolate biosynthesis, although in planta validation of candidate gene function often is hampered by time-consuming generation of knockout and overexpression lines in Arabidopsis. To better exploit the increasing amount of data available from genomic sequencing, microarray database and RNAseq, time-efficient methods for identification and validation of candidate genes are needed. This chapter covers the methodology we are using for gene discovery in glucosinolate engineering, namely, guilt-by-association-based in silico methods and fast proof-of-function screens by transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana. Moreover, the lessons learned in the rapid, transient tobacco system are readily translated to our robust, versatile yeast expression platform, where additional genes critical for large-scale microbial production of glucosinolates can be identified. We anticipate that the methodology presented here will be beneficial to elucidate and engineer other plant biosynthetic pathways.

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.

The synthesis of substituted 1,6-dioxapyrenes from 2,6-dipropyl-1,5-naphthalenediol or 2,6-dimethyl-1,5-naphthalenediol is described.The 1,6-dioxapyrenes can be oxidized to stable cation radicals at 0.2-0.35 V vs SCE and to dications at 0.8-1.20 V.The preparation of some tetracyanoquinodimethane salts and binary cation radical salts of the 1,6-dioxapyrenes is reported

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.