This study provides the first metagenomic characterisation of Kastamonu pastrami, a traditional Turkish dry-cured meat, and compares its microbial diversity with industrially produced alternatives. The findings are evaluated regarding product quality, fermentation characteristics, and food safety. We analyzed 15 sırt pastrami samples (M. longissimus thoracis) from traditional producers A?D (n=12) and industrial producer E (n=3). The 16S rRNA V3?V4 region was sequenced on Illumina MiSeq and processed with standard quality-filtering/denoising and taxonomyassignment workflow. Diversity metrics included alpha diversity (Shannon) and beta structure (PCoA, hierarchical clustering); group differences were evaluated with multiple-comparison procedures. Traditional products (A?D) showed higher alpha diversity overall than the industrial group (E) (p<0.05). Shannon values were highest in A and C with medians around ~2.10 and ~2.06 respectively; B was intermediate (~1.88?1.90); D and E were lowest (~1,71 and ~1.65 respectively). Community composition reflected these patterns; traditional samples contained producerspecific lactic acid bacteria (LAB) consortia?Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Weissella, and Leuconostoc?while A and C also harbored hygiene/spoilage-associated genera (e.e., Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Psychrobacter, Bacteroides, and Photobacterium). The industrial group (E) exhibited low diversity with Lactobacillus dominance (~80% relative abundance) and minimal non-LAB representation, consistent with controlled fermentation and sanitation. Findings indicate a diversity?safety trade off: traditional processing preserves microbial richness and typicity but may elevate contamination risk without robust GMP/HACCP, whereas industrial processing enhances microbiological safety at the expense of diversity. These results provide a practical basis for targeted hygiene interventions that improve safety while preserving the distinctive character of traditional pastrami.

The main objective of this study was to describe in detail the pathoanatomical and histopathological lesions found in the kidneys of three calves with bilateral suppurative pyelonephritis. The disease was observed for the first time in southeastern Bulgaria on a family cattle farm. The farm consisted of 48 adult Holstein cattle and 21 newborn and growing calves aged from 24 hours after birth to 45 days. The calves were born in the mothers pens and then independently sucked colostrum. In the winter, within 72 hours, 5 calves fell ill and died: four females and one male, aged 5 to 9 days, with signs of dehydration, refusal of food and water, frequent and painful urination, pyuria, hematuria, kyphosis and fever. No treatment was given and no other calves in the group showed clinical signs. Three calf carcasses were submitted for necropsy and subsequent diagnostic testing by the farmer himself. After necropsy of the calves, tissue samples from the kidneys for histopathological examination. Samples of parenchymal organs (lung, liver, spleen and kidney), blood from the heart and a ligated section of the small intestine were also used for bacteriological studies. In conclusion, suppurative pyelonephritis is a rare multifactorial disease in newborn and growing calves with bacterial etiology. The macro- and microlesional changes in the kidneys of three calves described in the presented report will be of great benefit to veterinarians and researchers in the diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment of kidney diseases in ruminants.

Feline haemoplasma species, Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum (CMhm), Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis, (CMt) and Mycoplasma haemofelis (Mhf) are frequent causes of chronic and acute diseases in cats. The current study aims to research the presence and genetic variety of Mycoplasma spp. in cats from different parts of Türkiye using molecular methods. In this study, 460 blood samples collected from cats from various parts of Türkiye (Malatya, Istanbul, Denizli, Konya, and Ankara) within the scope of different studies were investigated. Total genomic DNAs were obtained from the samples. The presence and phylogenetic position of feline haemoplasma species of feline hemoplasma species were detected using triplex-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequence analysis of 16S SSU rRNA gene. Seven (1.52%) of 460 cat blood samples were found to be positive by triplex- PCR. CMhm was identified in six (1.30%) samples, whereas CMt was detected in two (0.43%) samples. Only one sample (0.21%) was infected with both CMhm and CMt. Mhf was not identified in the study. In addition, according to the sequence results, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected between both CMt and CMhm isolates. The results of the study revealed that haemoplasma infections are circulating in cats from different parts of Türkiye. It is considered to be very important to perform routine screening and develop effective control and prophylactic strategies to minimize infection.

Chlamydia abortus is an obligate intracellular, gram-negative bacterium and a significant zoonotic agent associated with abortion storms, particularly in small ruminants. Due to its intracellular lifestyle, conventional isolation is limited, necessitating specialized protocols. This study aimed to develop and evaluate an optimized isolation method for C. abortus by comparing the efficacy of three different cell lines: Vero, monolayer BHK-21 (m-BHK-21), and suspended BHK- 21 (s-BHK-21). Samples were collected from PCR-positive materials, including a calf ?s stomach content, sheep vaginal swab, lamb fetal liver, and calf fetal liver. Each sample was inoculated into the three cell lines. Cell cultures were monitored using an inverted microscope equipped with a trinocular imaging system. Stamp staining and conventional PCR were employed for initial and intermediate detection. Final confirmation of C. abortus presence was performed via Stamp staining and quantitative analysis using Real-Time PCR. Bacterial growth was quantified using a cell counter, leveraging the bacterium?s gram-negative staining properties. Isolation was successful across all cell lines using the calf stomach content sample, whereas the remaining samples yielded positive results in only one cell type. Among the tested lines, s-BHK-21 demonstrated superior performance, producing the highest bacterial load (4.7×10? cells/mL). A 94-fold increase in viable cell count was observed from initial inoculation to the final harvest. The s-BHK-21 cell line is recommended as the most effective platform for C. abortus isolation, providing enhanced bacterial yield and reduced processing time. Its application may improve diagnostic accuracy and facilitate further research into C. abortus pathogenesis and control strategies.

This study aimed to determine the general characteristics of cattle breeding enterprises in Seydişehir district and the owners' perspectives on waste management. The research material of the study consisted of enterprises with 30 or more cattle engaged in animal production in Seydişehir district. Snowball sampling method was used in the application of data collection forms (questionnaire). At the end of the evaluations, 91 enterprises constituted the main material of the study. The surveys were conducted between October 2022 and August 2023. It was determined that the rate of utilization of animal waste was higher in the 1st and 2nd regions than in the 3rd region. It was determined that the fertilizers obtained were mostly preferred to be sold and very few breeders used them in their own lands. In addition to the increase in enterprise income, it was determined that environmental awareness increased in enterprises with more modern production. The statistical difference between the answers given to the questions on the structure of the enterprise and the more economical utilization of manure, storage, environmental awareness and the perspective on biogas production was found to be significant. It was stated that the owners of the enterprises were generally informed about biogas production, which is a renewable energy source, and wanted to contribute to biogas production. It was determined that most livestock farms in Seydişehir district of Konya province are favorable to biogas production and are aware that utilizing manure is to the advantage of the environment and the enterprise.

The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of pelvic fractures in cats andto evaluate the causes of trauma, morbidity and mortality. The study included 224cats of various breeds, sexes and ages that presented with pelvic injuries between February 2022 and December 2023. Data were collected using the hospital's patient data base and by surveying pet owners by telephone. Data included sex, type of trauma, concomitant injuries with pelvic trauma, treatment methods and outcomesincluding mortality and morbidity. According to Messmer and Montavon's alpha numeric pelvic fracture classification, unilateral sacroiliac luxation was foundin 23.2% of cases (n=52), bilateral sacroiliac luxation in 23.7% of cases (n=53), and bilateral corpus ilium fracture in 25% of cases (n=56). The most common injuries associated with pelvic fractures were pneumothorax in 36.6% (n=82) of cases,pulmonary contusion in 21% (n=47) of cases, hind limb fractures in 21.8% (n=49)of cases, urinary incontinence due to peripheral nerve injury in 10.8% of cases, andforelimb fractures in 7.1% (n=16) of cases. Prognosis was excellent in 41.1% (n=92),good in 30.8% (n=69), poor in 1.3% (n=3) and death in 26.8% (n=60). Injuries to then on weight bearing and unilateral weightbearing portions of the pelvis generally hada favorable outcome. However, as the number of bilateral fractures and injuries tothe weightbearing portions of the pelvis increased, the mortality rate also increased.

The unique properties of chitosan make it stand out as an ideal adjuvant candidate. However, the low solubility of chitosan in non-acidic aqueous media limits its use as an adjuvant. In this study, a method was offered to overcome this limitation, without any structural modifications of chitosan. The proposed method incorporated the preparation of Pickering emulsions via self-aggregation of the chitosan particles. As a model for this preparation, a w/o/w emulsion formulation of the foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccine was utilized. Two vaccine formulations, with and without chitosan, were prepared and compared regarding their physicochemical properties. Laboratory animal (guinea pigs) trials were conducted to reveal the immune response in terms of neutralizing antibody levels. The sera were collected from two animal groups and tested for neutralizing antibody levels using a homologous virus neutralization test (VNT). Statistical analyses of the test results were performed at a 5% significance level using Quasi-Least Squares Regression (QLS). The incorporation of chitosan into the w/o/w vaccine formulation did not compromise the physicochemical properties of the emulsion. Statistical analysis reveals that the presence of chitosan enhances the antibody response. The effect of time and group on the neutralizing antibody titer levels (NATL) was found to be significant (p < 0.05). Our results suggest that the limitation of the use of chitosan as an adjuvant could be overcome by the Pickering emulsion preparation approach, without a need for further structural modifications. The presence of chitosan in such a vaccine formulation could enhance the immune response.

This study aimed to compare the effects of slow pasteurization and ultrasound treatment on the physicochemical and microbiological quality of donkey milk (DM) and to investigate how these processing methods influence specific antioxidant and immunological responses in rats. In the first stage, donkey milk samples were collected from twenty-two healthy donkeys and categorized into three groups: raw (Rm), pasteurized (Pst; 65 °C for 30 min), and ultrasound-treated (Ult; 100% amplitude for 6 min). Physicochemical parameters (e.g., pH, color, water activity, titratable acidity) and nutritional composition (dry matter, protein, fat, lactose) were determined. Microbial analyses included total aerobic mesophilic bacteria, coliforms, molds/yeasts, coagulase-positive Staphylococcus, and lactic acid bacteria counts. In the second stage, twenty-eight adult male Wistar albino rats were assigned to four groups (control, Rm, Pst, Ult) and each experimental group received 48 mL of the respective DM daily for four weeks. At the end of the feeding period, the rats were sacrificed, and blood samples were collected. Serum levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and various cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10) were quantified. Differential leukocyte counts (lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils) and ANAE-positive lymphocyte percentages were also assessed. Although MDA and GSH levels were unaffected by DM type, SOD activities were significantly higher in all DM-fed groups relative to controls. Ultrasound-treated DM showed a more pronounced impact on pro-inflammatory cytokine levels (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6) than pasteurized milk, while IL-10 remained unchanged among the groups. Neither pasteurization nor ultrasound treatment affected the differential WBC or ANAE-positive lymphocyte percentages. Overall, ultrasound treatment offered a superior microbial load reduction without adversely impacting antioxidant or bioactive components. These findings suggest that ultrasound application may serve as a viable alternative to traditional pasteurization for preserving the functional properties of donkey milk.

This study aims to analyze the thematic and methodological trends in silage research published in DergiPark, focusing on the most frequently discussed topics: silage quality, fermentation processes, and the use of additives. By systematically analyzing publication patterns and methodological approaches, the study seeks to provide insights into the evolving research landscape. A systematic analysis of silage studies in DergiPark examined key research topics, methodologies, and trends. Research was categorized by forage quality, fermentation efficiency, and additive use. Predominant methods, including chemical analysis, digestibility studies, and in vitro techniques, were assessed. The study also evaluated the growing role of microbial additives, particularly lactic acid bacteria, in fermentation improvement. The findings revealed that silage quality, fermentation processes, and additive applications are the dominant research themes. Corn and alfalfa were identified as the primary silage crops due to their significance in feed quality and productivity. Chemical analyses and digestibility studies were the most frequently utilized methods for evaluating nutritional value and preservation efficiency. Additionally, a notable rise in the application of in vitro methodologies was observed. The use of microbial additives, especially lactic acid bacteria, was found to significantly enhance the fermentation process. This study highlights the current research trends in silage studies and suggests future directions for improving silage production efficiency. Further exploration of in vitro methodologies and microbial additives is recommended to enhance sustainability and nutritional quality. Expanding research on diverse silage crops and novel additive applications could provide valuable insights for both scientific and industrial advancements.

This study aims to evaluate the factors affecting the prognosis of cats presented with trauma complaints based on the type of trauma, clinical scoring (ATT and mGCS), laboratory measurements, and radiographic examination findings. The study materials consist of clinical (Animal Trauma Triage (ATT) Glasgow Coma Scale (mGCS), radiographic examinations, and laboratory analyses of a total of 50 cats of various breeds, ages, and weights, admitted to the Animal Hospital of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine at Selcuk University with trauma complaints. According to clinical examination findings, the mean ATT was 3 in surviving cats and 8 in deceased cats, while the mGCS score was 17 in surviving cats and 14 in deceased cats. The results were statistically significant in deceased cats. Radiographic examinations revealed that thoracic and abdominal trauma were more common in deceased cats. Laboratory results showed statistically significant correlations for BUN, total protein, albumin, hematocrit, and red blood cell levels, with notable differences between surviving and deceased cats. It is suggested that the systematic application of these diagnostic tools will improve prognostic accuracy for traumatic injuries in cats and lead to better management and treatment outcomes. Additionally, future studies on traumatized cats should consider repeating analyses at specific intervals during the treatment process to better identify prognostic factors that influence mortality.