This study synthesized and evaluated a series of novel 1,3,5-trisubstituted-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]thiazole derivatives (5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, and 7) for their cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. The cytotoxic activity of these derivatives was evaluated against MCF-7 and HepG2 cell lines. Compound 6b demonstrated the most potentanticancer activity, with IC50 values of 15.57 ± 2.93 µg/mL for MCF-7 cells and 43.72 ± 1.90 µg/mL for HepG2 cells, demonstrating greater efficacy than doxorubicin. Mechanistic studies revealed that compound 6b induced S-phase arrest in MCF-7 cells and G1/S-phase arrest in HepG2 cells, along with a significant increasein apoptosis rates in the treated cancer cells. Moreover, compound 6b demonstrated significant VEGFR-2 inhibition, surpassing the efficacy of sorafenib. Compounds 5b and 6b demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory activity in RAW264.7 macrophage cells, as indicated by the decrease in nitric oxide (NO) production and the downregulation of proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. The derivatives exhibited no cytotoxicity towards normal cell lines (MCF-10A, THLE-2, and Vero cells), as validated by MTT assays. Docking studies elucidated the interaction mechanism between the compounds and the enzyme receptors. These findings demonstrate compound 6b as a promising candidate for the development of dual-function anticancer and anti-inflammatory agents.

Bionanotechnology is the synthesis of environmentally friendly, biosynthetic nanomaterials by combining nanotechnology and biotechnology. Chrysanthemum indicum leaf extract in aqueous medium was used in the presented research work to produce titanium dioxide nanoparticles using a dependable and environmentally friendly method. The titanium dioxide nanoparticles derived from Chrysanthemum indicum were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The diesel degradation activity of the TiO2 was evaluated, showing a significant reduction in diesel concentration (8%) after a 10-day incubation period. Furthermore, TiO2's hemolytic, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties were highlighted. Cubical-shaped nanoparticles with an even distribution were found by SEM analysis. When compared to standard drugs, the biosynthesized titanium dioxide nanoparticles demonstrated hemolytic potential, anti-inflammatory (albumin denaturation assay), antidiabetic, and antioxidant (DPPH assay) properties. These results imply that titanium dioxide nanoparticles function as advantageous biological agents and are crucial to the bioremediation process. Due to the great potential of TiO2 nanoparticles, the notable characteristics of biosynthesized titanium dioxide nanoparticles suggest their potential useful applications in the biodegradation field in the future.

Further phytochemical investigation on the twigs of Trichilia connaroides led to the isolation of nine limonoids (1, 2, and 5-11), one 3,4-seco-homo-cycloartane (3), and two steroids (4 and 12). The structures of these obtained isolates were established by means of detailed analyses of their extensive spectroscopic information and ECD calculations, four of them were elucidated as undescribed compounds (1-4). It is noted that an unprecedented 7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]-heptane moiety in trichilitin M (1) was proposed by the linkage of C-11 and C-14 via an oxygen atom. All compounds were evaluated for their anti-tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) activities by the conventional half-leaf method and RT-PCR assays. Compared with the positive control ningnanmycin, compounds 1, 6, 7, and 11 showed significant anti-TMV biological activities. Futhermore, qRT-PCR assays suggested that the expression level of the TMV CP gene in inoculated and systemic K326 leaves treated by both 1 and 6, was significantly lower than that for the control group. More importantly, compounds 1 and 6 could not only inhibit the accumulation of TMV CP gene, but also enhance the host plant's resistance to TMV infection.

The agricultural bioactivity of 7-alkenylcoumarin derivatives was investigated by synthesizing a series of coumarin derivatives containing 7-styryl fragments by introducing a styryl group at the 7-position of the coumarin scaffold through Pechmann cyclization, substitution, bromination, and Wittig reaction. The insecticidal effects and antifungal activities of these compounds against plant pathogenic fungi were evaluated. Bioactivity assessments revealed that compound 5i exhibited the highest larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti, with a mortality rate of 96% after 24 h of treatment. Compounds 5i, 5e, and 5a displayed the strongest antifungal activity against Colletotrichum musae, with EC50 values of 0.42, 3.44, and 3.67 mg/L, respectively, outperforming the commercial fungicide bromothalonil (9.31 mg/L) and comparable to chlorothalonil (0.74 mg/L). Structure-activity relationship analysis indicated that the presence of a chlorine atom at the 4-position of the phenyl ring was critical for the bioactivity of the compounds. Docking results indicated that compound 5i exhibited the strongest binding affinity for succinate dehydrogenase, providing insights for further mechanistic studies. These findings suggest the significant potential of these compounds as lead candidates for in-depth research and development.

Although therapeutic proteins have achieved recognized clinical success, they are inherently membrane impermeable, which limits them to acting only on extracellular or membrane-associated targets. Developing an efficient protein delivery method will provide a unique opportunity for intracellular target-related therapeutic proteins.In this review article, we summarize the different pathways by which cells take up proteins. These pathways fall into two main categories: one in which proteins are transported directly across the cell membrane and the other through endocytosis. At the same time, important features to ensure successful delivery through these pathways are highlighted.We then provide a comprehensive overview of the latest developments in the transduction of covalent protein modifications, such as coupling cell-penetrating motifs and supercharging, as well as the use of nanocarriers to mediate protein transport, such as liposomes, polymers, and inorganic nanoparticles. Finally, we emphasize the existing challenges of cytoplasmic protein delivery and provide an outlook for future progress.

The Chinese tallow tree (Sapium sebiferum (L.) Roxb) is a valuable forest resource, and its leaves have long been utilized in Traditional Chinese Medicine for the treatment of various diseases, primarily due to the antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds. In this study, a simple ultrasonic-assisted phenolic extraction method was established using response surface methodology. The highest total phenolic content was obtained by extracting with 40% ethanol (v/v) in a solid-liquid ratio (g/mL) of 1:48 for 20 min at 30 °C, employing an ultrasonic bath with a power of 270 W and a frequency of 40 kHz. Using the optimized phenolic extract, a non-target metabolomics approach was adopted to evaluate the antioxidant ingredients of the Chinese tallow tree. Most of the identified phenolic compounds were depleted after reacting with free radicals, indicating their significant contribution to the antioxidant activity of Chinese tallow tree leaves. Among them, gallic acid derivatives, geraniin, and ethyl gallate were identified as the predominant antioxidant ingredients. Overall, a simple ultrasonic-assisted phenolic extraction method was optimized, and the antioxidant ingredients of the valuable Chinese tallow tree leaves were identified. These findings significantly promote the development and application of Chinese tallow tree leaves.

Cervical cancer isone of the cancerscommonly found in the female reproductive systemand isassociated with obesity.However, the exact connection mechanisms remain unclear.Screening of key therapeutic targets and natural products with good anti-tumor activity has become a crucial strategy for cancer therapy.Cryptotanshinonehas anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties.Key therapeutic targets and related low-toxicity natural active ingredients were identified as crucial components in cancer treatment strategies.Therefore, network pharmacology and cellular biology techniques were used to screen and validatekey targets in obesity-related cervical cancer and to elucidate the mechanisms. The results indicated that C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8 (CXCL8) might be modulated by cryptotanshinone.The knockdown of CXCL8significantly reduced Hela cell viability to 15.29 ± 4.59% compared with the control group (p<0.01), which consequently inhibited both cell proliferation and lipid droplet formation.Moreover, cryptotanshinone(20, 40, and 80 μM) significantly reduced CXCL8 expression and inhibited the NOD-like receptor signaling pathway in Hela cells compared with the control group (p<0.01). Therefore, this study manifested that cryptotanshinonepotentiallyplayed animportant role in obesity-related cervical cancer. This study providedthe important experimental basis for further exploring the pathogenesis and prevention of obesity-related cervical cancer.

This study investigates the accumulation of toxic heavy metals-cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and strontium (Sr)-in potato tubers grown under diverse meteorological and soil conditions in east-central Poland. Conducted from 2021 to 2023 at the Variety Assessment Experimental Station in Uhnin on light acidic soil, the field experiment employed a randomized block design with 3 replications. Forty potato cultivars of varying maturity were evaluated, with agronomic practices adhering to GAP and uniform fertilization applied. Potato tubers were exposed to thermal neutron flux for 2 hours. Gamma radiation detection was conducted using a high-purity germanium (HPGe) detector cooled with liquid nitrogen to enhance resolution. The study highlights significant phenotypic variability in heavy metal accumulation, influenced by genetic, environmental, and genotype × environment interaction factors. Results showed substantial effects of cultivar, year, and their interactions, with varieties (V) accounting for 8.7-36.2% of the variance, environmental factors (Y) contributing 41.2-82.2%, and genotype × environment interactions (V × Y) ranging from 5.5-46.7%. Year-to-year variability was most pronounced for lead, while nickel showed the least variability. Soil pH and humus played a key role in shaping the bioavailability and accumulation of metals in potato tubers.

Biofouling, which is the accumulation of organisms on undersea structures, poses significant global, social, and economic issues. While organotin compounds were effective antifoulants since the 1960s, they were banned in 2008 due to their toxicity to marine life. Although tin-free alternatives have been developed, they also raise environmental concerns. This underscores the need for effective, non-toxic antifouling agents. We previously synthesized N-(4-aminobutyl)propylamine (xylemin) and its structural analogs. In this study, we assayed the antifouling activity and toxicity of xylemin, its structural analogs, and related polyamines toward cypris larvae of the barnacle Amphibalanus amphitrite. Xylemin and its Boc-protected analog exhibited antifouling activities with 50% effective concentrations (EC50) of 4.25 and 6.11 μg/mL, respectively. Four xylemin analogs did not show a settlement-inhibitory effect at a concentration of 50 μg/mL. Putrescine, spermidine, spermine, and thermospermine, which are xylemin-related polyamines, did not display antifoulant effects (EC50 > 50 μg/mL). All evaluated compounds were non-toxic at a concentration of 50 μg/mL. These findings indicate that the size and structure of the N-alkyl group are essential for the antifouling activity of xylemin. Therefore, xylemin and its analogs hold promise as non-toxic, eco-friendly antifouling agents, offering a sustainable solution to biofouling in marine environments.

Pectin, a plant-derived polysaccharide, is highly valued for its gelling, thickening, and stabilizing properties, with extensive applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of pectin's structure, categorized by its degree of methyl esterification (DM) and key components, including homogalacturonan (HG) and rhamnogalacturonans (RG-I and RG-II). The influence of diverse extraction methods, such as subcritical water and microwave-assisted techniques, on its structure and functionality is critically examined. Furthermore, the review investigates the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) profiles of pectin, emphasizing how structural factors like molecular weight, DM, and neutral sugars impact bioavailability and interactions with gut microbiota. Notably, this review highlights emerging research methodologies, offering novel insights into pectin's pharmacokinetics. By addressing these interrelationships, the review underscores pectin's potential applications in functional foods, personalized nutrition, and targeted therapeutics, and identifies key knowledge gaps for future research.