These days, atmospheric pressure plasma jet technology is regarded as one of the most practicalinstruments in a number of domains, such as agriculture, plasma medicine, and surfacemodification. A quartz glass tube with an internal diameter of 3 mm and an exterior diameter of 5 mm is used to create the plasma jet. The electrodes are 8 cm apart and have a width of 1.0 cm. They are composed of aluminum foil which wraps the glass tubes. As a working gas, argon is utilized. The power supply has a frequency of 27 kHz and a voltage of 20 kV. Electron density and electron temperature have been established in order to describe plasma. The stark broadening method and power balance are used to determine the electron density. The line intensity ratio method is used to determine the electron temperature. It is revealedthat applied voltage and gas flow rate affect both electron density and temperature.

Daily global solar radiation (GSR) at Tribhuvan International Airport in Kathmandu (27.69° N, 85.35° E; elevation 1338 m) was estimated by using the RadEst 3.0 software, employing meteorological data from 2014 and 2015. The study investigates both seasonal and monthly GSR variations and evaluates overall radiation levels. RadEst 3.0 implements four empirical models: Campbell and Donatelli (CD), Bristow and Campbell (BC), the Modular DCBB model, and Donatelli and Bellocchi (DB), each relying on the diurnal temperature range (the difference in daily peak and low air temperatures) to estimate GSR. The radiation is calculated by multiplying atmospheric transmissivity with extraterrestrial radiation, and the software optimizes model parameters to derive the necessary coefficients. Estimated GSR values and the resulting coefficients were validated against observed data using statistical indicators. Of the models assessed, the Modular DCBB model delivered the most reliable results for the year 2015 with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 2.94 MJ/m², coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.53, residual mass coefficient (CRM) of 0.00, and mean bias error (MBE) of 2.29 MJ/m². These findings identify the Modular DCBB model as the most accurate for the study location and suggest its parameterization is well suited for GSR estimation in regions with similar climatic conditions across Nepal.

By the uses of ultrasoft pseudopotential and the generalized gradient approximation (GGA), we have looked at the structural, electrical and vibrational characteristics of the LiFeAs pnictide superconductor in the present work. There is a strong correlation between phonons and superconductivity, which is the major root of the superconductivity of iron pnictide superconductors. The superconducting characteristics of materials can be predicted using phonon properties. According to studies using density functional theory (DFT), LiFeAs exhibits its metallic nature in the overlaying bands close to the Fermi level. The dynamical stability is supported by positive frequencies in the phonon dispersion curves.

The thermodynamic and surface properties of the Al-Cu-Fe-Si-Ti liquid alloy were systematically investigated using theoretical models. These properties were investigated at different cross-sections from Fe and Ti corners. For the comparative study, the excess Gibbs free energy of mixing for the liquid alloy was determined using the Muggianu, Kohler, and Chou models, based on the thermodynamic database of constituent binary subsystems available in the literature. The activity of the system was calculated using Chou model. The activities of Al, Fe, Si, and Ti showed negative deviations from Raoult’s law, confirming strong complex-forming tendencies, whereas Cu exhibited positive deviations, highlighting its weaker interaction and tendency toward segregation. These deviations diminished with increasing temperature, indicating that elevated thermal energy reduces ordering interactions and promotes random mixing. The surface tension of the alloy was calculated using Butler equation using the thermodynamic database. Present investigations revealed that compositions enriched with elements of intrinsically higher surface tension exhibited larger overall surface tension values. Surface segregation studies demonstrated that Al possesses the strongest surface affinity, followed by Si, while Ti is the least surface-active element. These findings provide crucial insights into the thermodynamic stability and interfacial behavior of multicomponent Al–Cu–Fe–Si–Ti liquid alloys, which are essential for optimizing their processing and applications.

Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were synthesized using a green chemistry approach, utilizing Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) root extract, whose phytochemicals acted as eco-friendly, non-toxic reducing agents. The synthesized AgNPs was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). XRD analysis confirmed the crystal structure of the Ag NPs and estimated their size to be 10 nm. UV-visible spectroscopy showed a characteristic absorption peak, confirming the formation of AgNPs. FTIR analysis identified functional groups associated with the phytochemicals in the root extract, which may contribute to nanoparticle stabilization. SEM images revealed the spherical morphology of the Ag NPs, while EDS analysis confirmed the presence of silver in the synthesized nanoparticles. The phytochemical examination of Ashwagandha found secondary metabolites, including phenolic, alkaloid, and flavonoid compounds. The synthesized Ag NPs were assessed for their antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans, demonstrating significant efficacy markedly against Gram-positive bacteria. This finding highlights the role of Ashwagandha-mediated Ag NPs in sustainable NP formation and antimicrobial applications.

Adsorption of nitric oxide on Ni, Pt, and Pd-embedded graphitic carbon nitride (GCN) has been studied computationally using density functional theory. Transition metal (TM) embedded in GCN exhibits significantly higher adsorption energy compared to pristine GCN. This study finds that Pt-embedded GCN shows a high adsorption energy of -4.560 eV, which is greater than that of other TM-embedded GCNs. While NO gas showed physisorption on the pristine GCN, it exhibited strong chemisorption on the TM-embedded systems. When functional transitional metals are embedded on its surface, along with the adsorption of NO, new energy states are introduced near the Fermi surface, which modifies the electronic properties of the system. Also, the changes in the band states of the system are noticed. Furthermore, non-magnetic GCN is found to be magnetic when Pt is embedded in it.

Despite being a source of nutrition and ethnomedicinal uses, research on edible lichen Hypotrachyna cirrhata remains limited. This research work reported the antioxidant activity and antibacterial activity of Hypotrachyna cirrhata. The total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) of H. cirrhata were measured as 42.165 ± 0.98 mg GAE/g and 11.789 ± 0.34 mg QE/g, respectively. In this assay, ethyl acetate fraction demonstrated strong antioxidant potential with an IC50 value of 34.14 ± 0.17 µg/mL in in vitro DPPH radical scavenging assay. In contrast, hexane showed a higher IC50 value of 74.3 ± 1.13 µg/mL, compared to the standard quercetin, which had an IC50 value of 62.87 ± 1.02 µg/mL. The methanolic extracts of the lichen demonstrated notable antimicrobial effects against pathogens, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values recorded at 195.312 μg/mL and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) ranging from 195.312 to 390.625 μg/mL. The study suggested that H. cirrhata may exhibit significant levels of total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC), which are closely associated with enhanced antibacterial and antioxidant activities.

Histone deacetylases are recruited to specific transcriptional repression complexes through interactions with corepressor proteins. This recruitment leads to chromatin condensation and transcriptional silencing. In this study, we modeled the complex structure of HDAC2 with MTA1 and investigated the HDAC2 and MTA1 interactions using all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. Our results show that the ELM2-SANT domains of MTA1 wrap completely around HDAC2. We identified the different types of interactions such as hydrogen bonds, salt bridges, and hydrophobic interactions. Specifically, GLU186, GLU147, GLU163, LYS166, and LYS124 amino acid residues of HDAC2 form both hydrogen bond and salt bridge interactions with ARG168, ARG189, ASP187, and GLU195 amino acid residues of MTA1. Additionally, TYR15 amino acid of HDAC2 form hydrogen bonds with GLU195 amino acid of MTA1. In addition to hydrogen bond and salt bridge interactions, we also analyzed hydrophobic interaction.

In this work, we have used computational techniques to examine how the dynamics of a simple pendulum change from linear to non-linear and chaotic. The graph of phase space, angular displacement versus time, and angular velocity versus time are thoroughly examined in our analysis. A significant shift is seen in these representations, particularly in the graph of angular displacement versus time and angular velocity versus time. As the non-linearity is enhanced, we see a progressive movement from circular to oval shapes in phase space. In damped and forced pendulum scenarios, similar patterns are observed. In these cases, the graphs display a sinusoidal pattern with a diminishing amplitude with time. Surprisingly, in the phase space of the damped pendulum, a spiral type of graph is observed, demonstrating the intricate relationship between damping effects and nonlinearity. This research emphasizes the separatrix’s function as a crucial cutoff point where the motion of the pendulum changes from linear to chaotic.

Herbal medicine has been widely utilized in traditional medicine for treating various ailments. This study aimed to quantify the phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin content in different plant extracts, assess their antioxidant capacity, and evaluate their antimicrobial efficacy. Among the extracts tested, methanol exhibited the highest total phenolic content (TPC) at 166.5 ± 2.0 mg GAE/g and total flavonoid content (TFC) at 103.87 ± 5.47 mg QE/g, whereas hexane displayed the lowest TPC (16.03 ± 2.22 mg GAE/g) and TFC (8.27 ± 3.88 mg QE/g). The methanolic extract demonstrated the strongest antioxidant activity with an IC50 of 103.3 ± 1.53 μg/mL, compared to the hexane extract's IC50 of 524.7 ± 0.89 μg/mL. Antimicrobial testing revealed that aqueous, ethanolic, and hexane extracts effectively inhibited Klebsiella pneumoniae with a zone of inhibition of 17 mm, comparable to the positive control neomycin (24 mm). The ethanolic extract showed substantial minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values against K. pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus (3.12 mg/mL and 6.25 mg/mL, respectively), relative to the control (0.0078 mg/mL and 0.015 mg/mL). Additionally, cytotoxicity assays showed LC50 values of 1077.78 μg/mL for the ethanolic and 1905.46 μg/mL for the methanolic extract. These findings suggest that the studied plant extracts, particularly methanolic and ethanolic, have significant bioactive potential, positioning them as promising sources for future drug development against infectious diseases.