Abstract Although the TRIPS Agreement establishes minimum standards for the protection of intellectual property, it also leaves some room for policy interpretation by WTO members, whether they are developed or developing nations. This allows them to implement the Agreement’s provisions in a variety of ways and to enact legislation in areas that are not covered by the Agreement’s minimum standards. The Doha Declaration on TRIPS and Public Health specifically recognizes the importance of the implementation of TRIPS flexibilities for the design of a pro-competitive intellectual property system and, in particular, for achieving public health objectives. The paper draws general aspects of the TRIPS agreement, requirements to be part of the TRIPS agreement, implementation of patent protection, the DOHA declaration and lastly a case study regarding compulsory licensing of HIV/AIDS drugs.

Abstract The aim of this research is to highlight the role of collaboration through the implementation of group work techniques for children with special needs, compared to other techniques that focus on individual work. The objectives of this paper include: exploring various strategies that prioritize group work, highlighting children’s areas of achievement during the implementation of group work techniques, and evaluating their influence on meeting the standards for children with special needs, among other aspects. Furthermore, this paper includes a comparative analysis of the use of group work techniques versus individual work techniques, emphasizing their respective advantages and disadvantages. The methodology applied in this paper is a combination of qualitative methods, consisting of a literature review on the aforementioned issues, as well as quantitative methods, which focus on the analysis and interpretation of the data collected from the study. The instrument for gathering these data is a questionnaire for teachers, composed of 17 testable items, divided in two main sections: General information about the teachers and data on the techniques and strategies used in the classroom.

Abstract The article analyzes the summer pastures of the habitats of the Çajupi, Nëmërçka, Murgana, Trebeshina, Dhëmbeli and the Luca mountain in Southern Albania. This research aims to establish on a scientific basis the problems of livestock breeding in subalpine and alpine summer pastures in the Gjirokastra district. After determining the test areas that would be analyzed, they were marked and, at the time of reaching the full vegetation for the pasture, the biomass of these plots was collected and it converted in dry biomass and, based on of the norms given in the part of the work methodology, the pasture capacity of sheep was determined for each pasture habitat taken into analysis. These results were compared with those known from local literature and experience, as well as with those currently practiced by the Forest and Pasture Directorates of the municipalities of this district.

Abstract The fate of man used to depend on the “mercy” of nature. He left everything that happened in nature to chance. Nature wants it to happen that way. The only salvation for him would be if he adapted to nature’s plan. With the development of technology, people think differently about humans. He will no longer be seen as “the two-legged animal that cannot separate itself from nature.” Like the animal whose destiny is written in nature. Technology is the fact that man can surpass himself. He not only appears differently under the optics of technology, but also challenges nature by giving it a different look. As technology evolves, it conquers nature, overcomes the fate dependent on nature and changes it. It changes its destiny, even itself. With technology, he reconfigures his existence. What does that mean? We see it in many different areas of life where technology is reconfiguring humans as “God” who has the power to change. For example; at work, in education, in healthcare and in communication, new technological tools have made it easier to achieve goals. Technological development makes us see the world differently, connects us to the world differently and changes it. It is a lighthouse that, alongside the world, alongside nature, also illuminates the meaning of our being and our existence.

Abstract Risk imposed by high temperatures (HT) to the quality and yield of cereals, requires evaluation of naturally resistant resources, and finding of methods to improve it. In this research, were analyzed the tolerance to HT of 19 winter wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) in use in Albania, and the possible memory gained to the repeated stress, before anthesis. Biometric (root, shoot, leafs length), physiological (fine root cells death, Relative Water Content-RWC), and biochemical parameters (chla, chlb, carotenoids and xantophylls, and total carbohydrates) were measured, and the impact of a short shock (SS) at 42°C/2hrs versus a longer treatment (LT) at 38-35°C/24hrs on pigment synthesis, and on the expression of rubisco activase (Rca1) coding gene were investigated. A classification system was built to describe the tolerance to HT, and cultivars were grouped via UPGMA, and PCoA. Results show that SS impacted pigment synthesis more than LT, while expression of Rca1 was cultivar-specific; In a group of 19 cultivars under two treatments (T1, T2) at 30°C, the vulnerable: moderately tolerant: tolerant were 4: 11: 5, and 3:9:7, respectively. Values were cultivar-specific for single parameters, yet a general trend was evident for some. Improved tolerance to repeated stress was described as gained stress memory.

Abstract This paper examines the components of negative sentences in Albanian from the perspective of generative linguistics. Main aim is to analyze the functions and positions of negative elements in the structure of Albanian sentences, providing a comparison with other languages to highlight the universal features and specificities of Albanian. The focus of the analysis are the main negative particles such as “ nuk ”, “ s ’”, “ mos ”, and “ as ”, which are used to express simple and compound negation, including double and intensive negation. Elements such as “ nuk ” and “ s ’” are positioned immediately before the verb to express a simple negation and operate in a C-command relation that blocks the placement of other elements between them and the verb. In the syntactic structure, their position is above the subject and immediately before the predicate, blocking any other element from being placed between them and the verb. While “ mos ” is used mainly in the imperative, subjunctive and imperative moods, taking position before the modal particle or auxiliary verb to control the actions of the verb. “ As ” reinforces negation and can be positioned before the verb or other constituents to create polynegative structures. Comparisons with languages such as Italian and English emphasize that Albanian has developed polynegative structures, which allow the use of multiple negative elements without violating the grammaticality of the sentence. This analysis suggests that Albanian, through complex negation structures, complies with some of the universal principles of generative linguistics, while simultaneously maintaining special features that challenge some assumptions of standard generative syntax.

Abstract This study investigates the impact of tourism growth on unemployment rates across different age groups in Albania, using annual data from 2001 to 2022. We find that an increase in the number of tourists significantly reduces unemployment for the 20-34 age group, while it increases unemployment for those over 35 years old. No significant effect is found for the 16-19 age group. This suggests that policies promoting tourism development should consider potential negative consequences for older workers and implement measures to mitigate these effects.

Abstract This article dwells on the criminal liability of legal entities, especially of well-organized companies, such as second-tier banks, for the very position they occupy in a market and in the economy of a given country. We would like to emphasize the distinction of criminal responsibility of the employee (employees) and how it is linked and separated from that of the legal entity. In the following analysis, we will show the Prosecutor’s interpretation of the criteria prescribed by ad hoc law. Specifically, Articles 3 and 4 of Law 9754/2007 “On the criminal liability of legal entities”, which provides the legal basis on which is founded the criminal liability of any legal organization, in the form of a legal entity, according to the provisions of the Civil Code, Law on Non-Profit Organizations (8788/2001) and Law on Commercial Companies (9901/2008). In addition, we must point out the arguments that show that the evidence brought during trial, is not placed in the context of the criminal fact alleged to have been committed by the legal entity, or when in some cases those were deliberately distorted. The article presents a concrete analysis of the legal interpretation of the legal person’s criminal liability, but also of the evidence taken in its function during trial. We would like to elaborate on some general considerations of criminal theory and practice, on the criminal liability of the legal entity, such as when it was born as such, how it has been developed and adopted in practice in our jurisdiction upon the entry into force of Law 9754/2004 “On the criminal liability of legal entities”, analysing it in the context of the charge brought by the Prosecution.

Abstract In the rapidly evolving landscape of the digital age, the concept of property has expanded beyond traditional physical assets to include intangible forms of ownership such as digital property. This transformation presents significant challenges for civil law, especially in Albania, where legal frameworks have struggled to keep pace with technological advances. This article explores the definition of digital assets, focusing on the assessments that organizations, law institutions or states have made regarding the disposition, transfer and protection of these assets. The article examines how Albanian civil law, rooted in traditional notions of property and inheritance, addresses issues related to digital rights, including digital asset management, digital tokens, and broader applications within blockchain ecosystems. Through an analysis of national and international legal perspectives, the article identifies the main challenges in adapting existing laws to the challenging complexity of digital ownership. It also proposes possible mechanisms to ensure the effective integration of digital property within Albania’s legal system, drawing on legislative models from other countries. By bridging the gap between technology and law, this manuscript aims to provide insight into how Albania can navigate the legal complexities of digital property and protect individual rights in an increasingly digital world.

Abstract John Locke (1632-1704) was an English philosopher, very influential in the 17th century. He is considered the first English empiricist, where his ideas had an enormous influence on the development of epistemology and political philosophy. His writings later influenced Voltaire and Rousseau. Regarding the examination of the natural state, Locke, like Hobbes, starts from the problem of what characterizes the natural state, when there is no political power. Unlike Hobbes, Locke thought that the state from nature was an affordable state characterized by reason and tolerance. As for the social contract, he understood it as “a way to ensure the natural morality of man in a more efficient way, not to throw away his ugly condition, but to achieve his goals, that is, peace and security” (Locke, 2012). The paper also examines the influence and importance of Locke’s ideas in the development of modern political thought, analyzing how these concepts have contributed to the shaping of democratic ideas and human rights. In conclusion, a critique and re-contextualization of Locke’s theories in the contemporary context is offered, addressing their relevance to current issues of governance and justice in modern societies. This analysis aims to help deepen the understanding of Locke’s political philosophy and assess its influence on today’s political theories and practices.