Two-thirds of all pediatric malignant central nervous tumors, including high-grade (glioblastoma, anaplastic astrocytoma) and low-grade (ganglioglioma, pilocytic astrocytoma) carcinomas, are gliomas. Low-grade glioma (LGG) exhibits genetic alterations caused by the BRAF kinase mutation, such as replacing glutamic acid (E) in place of valine (V) at the 600 positions, known as the V600E point mutation. Pediatric low-grade gliomas (PLGGs) also comprise around one-third of juvenile brain tumors and are the most frequent central nervous system tumors. Patients were randomized 2:1 to dabrafenib plus trametinib (D+T) or carboplatin plus vincristine (C+V). Where possible, complete surgical removal is the mainstay of treatment for progressing or symptomatic PLGG. Radiation therapy has historically been used to treat PLGG in both up-front and salvage scenarios. To delay or avoid the necessity for radiation therapy in young children with advancing or incompletely resected PLGG, chemotherapy was created in 1980. On 16 March 2023, the Food and Drug Administration approved the use of trametinib (Mekinist, Novartis) with dabrafenib (Tafinlar, Novartis) in pediatric patients suffering from LGG who require systemic therapy and are at least one year old. Nevertheless, early-stage clinical trials have produced encouraging results that may revolutionize the treatment of LGG in the near future.

Several reasons may underlie the dramatic increase in type2 diabetes mellitus. One of these reasons is the genetic basis and variations. Vitamin D receptor polymorphisms are associated with different diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and diabetes. The aim of this study is to investigate the possible association of two identified mutations ApaI (rs7975232) and TaqI (rs731236). Eighty-nine healthy individuals and Fifty-six Type 2 Diabetic (T2D) patients were investigated using RFLP technique for genotyping and haplotyping as well. The distribution of Apal genotypes was not statistically significant among the control (P=0.65) as well as for diabetic patients (P=0.58). For Taql allele frequencies of T allele was 0.61 where of G allele was 0.39. The frequency distribution of Taql genotypes was not statistically significant among the control (P=0.26) as well as diabetic patients (P=0.17). Relative risk of the allele T of Apa1 gene is 1.28 and the odds ratio of the same allele is 1.53, while both estimates were < 1.0 of the allele G. Similarly, with the Taq1 gene the relative risk and the odds ratio values for the allele T are 1.09 and 1.27 respectively and both estimates of the allele C were 0.86 for the relative risk and 0.79 for the odds ratio. The pairwise linkage disequilibrium between the two SNPs Taq1/apa1 was statistically significant in control group (D = 0.218, D' = 0.925 and P value < 0.001) and similar data in diabetic groups (D = 0.2, D' = 0.875 and P value < 0.001). These data suggest that the T allele of both genes Apa1 and Taq1 is associated with the increased risk of type 2 diabetes. We think that we need a larger number of volunteers to reach a more accurate conclusion.

This paper presents the first evidence of tobacco seeds (Nicotiana tabacum L.) from northeastern Africa. The evidence comes from Old Dongola, the northern city-state of the Funj Kingdom in Sudan (16th–19th centuries AD). Old Dongola served as a hub for communication and a point of departure for caravans. Since 2018, we carried out large-scale systematic archaeobotanical sampling at the citadel of Old Dongola. We floated sediment samples of 1–20 L to recover botanical remains, which we later processed and identified in the archaeobotany laboratory of the University of Tübingen, Germany, based on anatomical and morphological comparisons with modern seeds from the reference collection. The team recovered a wide variety of economically important plants from this regional capital. Here we present the earliest archaeobotanical evidence for tobacco in Sudan dating to the middle of the 17th century. This research supports the hypothesis that tobacco cultivation in Sudanese Nubia began by the early part of the Funj/Ottoman period. While these results highlight the use of tobacco at Old Dongola, the pathways for the introduction of tobacco into Sudan are poorly documented, and the exact timing of the introduction and cultivation in Sudan remains a subject of lively debate.

Abstract Purpose: Breast cancer is a leading cause of mortality among women worldwide. While chemotherapy and radiotherapy are commonly used treatment modalities, they have several side effects that can negatively impact the patient. In this study, we explore the application of a floating sleeve antenna for interstitial microwave hyperthermia for breast tumors. Method: Two distinct 3D breast models were employed: a simplified semi-spherical and a highly detailed anatomical model. Both models featured superficial and deep-seated tumors. The floating sleeve antenna was inserted into the breast models, and simulations were con-ducted to assess the specific absorption rate (SAR) and temperature distribution. Results: In the simple model, the superficial tumor reached a maximum temperature of 50.7 ºC, while the deep-seated tumor maintained a uniform temperature of 48.9 ºC. In contrast, the realistic model achieved a maximum temperature of 46.2 ºC for the superficial tumor and 41.47 ºC for the deep-seated tumor within the same 15-minute treatment period. These results demonstrate the ability of the antenna to attain the desired hyperthermia temperatures (above 39 °C to 45 °C). Conclusion: microwave hyperthermia using a floating sleeve antenna has the potential to be an effective and safe alternative treatment for breast cancer with minimal side effects

Intravenous medications have greater complexity and require multiple steps in their preparation and administration, which is considered a high risk for patients. To determine the incidence of intravenous medications preparation and administration errors in critically ill patients. This was an observational, cross-sectional, prospective study design. The study was performed conducted in Wad Medani Emergency Hospital, Sudan on with 33 nurses. All nurses working at the study setting were observed over nine days. During the study period, a total number of 236 drugs were observed and evaluated. The total error rate was 940 (33.4%), of which 136 (57.6%) errors with no harm, 93 (39.4%) errors with harm and 7 (3%) of errors associated with mortality. 17 different drug categories were involved, in which antibiotic was the highest error rate 104 (44.1%) and 39 different drugs were involved, in which metronidazole was the most drug involved 34 (14.4%). The total error rate was associated with nurse experience, OR (95% CI); 3.235 (1.834-5.706), and nurse education level, OR (95% CI); 0.125 (0.052-0.299). The study reported high frequency of IV medications preparation and administration errors. Nurse education level, and experiences were influenced the total errors.

In core, Islamic finance and the sustainable development goals (SDGs) initiated by the United Nations have the same goal to educate and create good livelihood for the human life. For this chapter, the researchers collected few research articles in Scopus Database towards the intersection of Islamic finance and SDGs. The authors have selected few Islamic finance and Sustainable Developmental Goals articles as an inclusion criteria along with the year of publication from 2015 to October 2023. They selected papers that focused on Islamic finance as an inclusion criterion and excluded papers that from 1990 to 2015. They retrieved 32 papers and book chapters published from 2015 to 2022 from the Scopus database. By using Vos viewer, the researchers analyzed the keyword from the article, year wise prediction, and authors' contribution for Islamic finance for Sustainable Development Goals. The researchers used the data to predict the future growth of Islamic finance the researcher found that there is a wide gap for Islamic finance supports the SDGs.

Abstract Background: Neurological emergencies are frequent presentations and often end with devastating short and long term consequences. Neurological disorders are increasingly prevalent in Sub-Saharan Africa with paucity of data on adult neurological emergencies in our context. Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study enrolled 103 patients with neurologic emergencies admitted to ICU Khartoum state intensive care departments during the period from October 2019 to April 2020. Data regarding demographics, presentations, clinical examinations, laboratory investigations, indications of ICU admission, diagnosis of neurological conditions, length of ICU stay, patterns of medications and outcomes were collected. Data was analyzed by using SPSS v. 21.0 Results:Among 103 patients with neurologic emergencies admitted to ICU, 56% were males and 44% were females. Patients are categorized into central nervous system diseases in which intracranial hemorrhage 28.1%, Meningitis 27.2%, encephalitis 27.2%, ischemic stroke 18.4% were the common diagnoses. Whereas, in the peripheral nervous system GBS 15.5%, MG crisis 3.88% were the common diseases. The common symptoms were altered mental status 64.1%, seizures 34%, motor weakness 27.2%, headache 18.4%, dysphagia 16.5%, fever 16.5%, shortness of breath 9.7%, and mutism 7.8%. Hypertension 43.7% and diabetes mellitus 21.4% were the major co morbidities. Indications for ICU admission were mostly decreased level of consciousness 74.8%, accelerated hypertension 21.4%, respiratory failure 19.4%, aspiration pneumonia 10.7% and intractable seizures 2.9%. Majority of the patients 83.5% received antibiotics, 36% received low molecular weight heparin (LMWH), 32% received proton pump inhibitors (PPI), and 10.6% received mechanical ventilation.44% of patients improved and discharged, 41% developed complications mainly aspiration pneumonia 24.3% and 15% died. Conclusion: Sudanese patients with neurologic emergencies admitted to ICU were older and mostly males. Intracranial hemorrhage and meningoencephalitis were the main diagnosis. Patients commonly presented with altered mental status. A decreased level of consciousness (low GCS) was the foremost indication of ICU admission. Half of the patients were improved and aspiration pneumonia observed in a quarter of the patients.

Abstract Introduction: Guillian Barre'-Syndrome (GBS) is an acute, immune mediated disorder, commonly characterized by a rapidly progressive, ascending weakness of the extremity, trunk, respiratory and facial musculature, with inconstant sensory and autonomic dysfunction. This research conducted in Sudanese patients to study the relation between the outcome in GBS and a four parameters; age of the patient, onset duration, presence of autonomic dysfunction and the electrophysiological subtypes. Methods: A cross-sectional study involving the main three neurology centers in Sudan conducted from March to September 2020, 62 patients enrolled in the study, structured questionnaire consisted of personal data, clinical history, examination findings, management and outcome. The Hughes Functional Grading Scale (HFGS), which provides an objective measure of disability, was used to rate clinical performance at disease nadir and at 90 day from the illness. Results: The study revealed that males and females are equally represented, the majority of patients (70%) are between 18 and 50 years. The onset of weakness was less than or equal 3 days in (33.9%) of patients, from 4 to 7 days in (41.9%), from 8 to 14 days in (11.3%) and above 14 days in (12.9%).A 25 patients (40.3%) had Evidence of autonomic dysfunction. Based on the electrophysiology, (37.09%) of patients were classified as acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN), (29.03%) as acute inflammatory demyelinating poly neuropathy (AIDP) and (29.03%) as acute motor-sensory axonal neuropathy (AMSAN). Regarding the outcome, 30 patients (48.4%) fully recovered, 25 patients (40.3%) recovered with motor deficit, and 7 patients (11.3%) unfortunately died. The results showed that there was no statistically significance between different age groups, duration of onset or presence of autonomic dysfunction and the outcome after three months, P value ( .21, .21, .1) respectively. The results showed that the Prognosis after three months and the mortality rate of AMAN and AMSAN subtypes were poorer than that of AIDP. Conclusion: Axonal type of GBS found to be in nearly 2/3 patients. 40% showed clinical evidence of dysautonomia, and showed no statistical evidence with outcome, Age of the patients, onset of the disease also did not show statistically significant effect on outcome at day- 90. The outcome of axonal types at day-90 was poorer than that of demyelinating form.