Over the last decade, interest in rearing black soldier fly (BSF, Hermetia illucens (L.), Diptera: Stratiomyidae) has grown exponentially. BSF larvae (BSFL) can be reared on any waste substrate, but the type of substrate markedly impacts the overall efficiency of the process as well as the composition of the larval biomass. It also influences the overall environmental impact of the generated larval protein. In this chapter, we look at available waste streams for BSFL rearing in the European Union and globally. We describe the different process parameters, in addition to substrate properties that influence process efficiency, and how different substrates affect the process, the composition of the larval biomass as well as the environmental impact. Later in the chapter, the implications and challenges faced by the insect industry are discussed, along with ways in which these challenges can be met.

Mental retardation is a condition of children whose intelligence is far below the average and is characterized by limited intelligence and incompetence in social communication. Islam views children with mental retardation as entities that must be considered for several strong reasons. The most basic is in the name of humanity. One fact that cannot be forgotten is that they are both creatures of God who must be respected. Moreover, the mentally retarded child is also a human being glorified by God. Mentally retarded children also have the same degree and social status as normal children, so in Islamic education, there should be no inequality in obtaining the right to education. This study aims to determine that the family is the most important factor in the education of mentally retarded children. This research is naturalistic qualitative. Documentation, observation, and interviews are the methods used to collect data. The data analysis uses data reduction, data presentation, and verification. The results of this study indicate that the family becomes a model and habituation of good behavior in everyday life as a positive strategy for the education of mentally retarded children, The family also applies several pillars, one of which is the aspect of faith, the aspect of worship and the moral aspect as the basis for educating their children.

This study reveals striking differences in the content and composition of hydrophilic and lipophilic compounds in blackcurrant buds (Ribes nigrum L., cv. Ben Klibreck) resulting from winter chill or chemical dormancy release following treatment with ERGER, a biostimulant used to promote uniform bud break. Buds exposed to high winter chill exhibited widespread shifts in metabolite profiles relative to buds that experience winter chill by growth under plastic. Specifically, extensive chilling resulted in significant reductions in storage lipids and phospholipids, and increases in galactolipids relative to buds that experienced lower chill. Similarly, buds exposed to greater chill exhibited higher levels of many amino acids and dipeptides, and nucleotides and nucleotide phosphates than those exposed to lower chilling hours. Low chill buds (IN) subjected to ERGER treatment exhibited shifts in metabolite profiles similar to those resembling high chill buds that were evident as soon as 3 days after treatment. We hypothesise that chilling induces a metabolic shift which primes bud outgrowth by mobilising lipophilic energy reserves, enhancing phosphate availability by switching from membrane phospholipids to galactolipids and enhancing the availability of free amino acids for de novo protein synthesis by increasing protein turnover. Our results additionally suggest that ERGER acts at least in part by priming metabolism for bud outgrowth. Finally, the metabolic differences presented highlight the potential for developing biochemical markers for dormancy status providing an alternative to time-consuming forcing experiments.

AIM: To analyze the changes in scientific output relating to Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) and forecast the study trends in this field. METHODS: All of the publications in the field of LCA from 2002 to 2022 were collected from Web of Science (WOS) database. We analyzed the quantity (number of publications), quality (citation and H-index) and development trends (relative research interest, RRI) of published LCA research over the last two decades. Moreover, VOSviewer software was applied to define the co-occurrence network of keywords in this field. RESULTS: A total of 2158 publications were ultimately examined. We found that the focus on LCA kept rising and peaked in 2015 and 2018, which is consistent with the development trend of gene therapy. The USA has contributed most to this field with 1162 publications, 56 674 citations and the highest H-index value (116). The keywords analysis was divided into five clusters to show the hotspots in the field of LCA, namely mechanism-related, genotype-related, local phenotype-related, system phenotype-related, and therapy-related. We also identified gene therapy and anti-retinal degeneration therapy as a major focus in recent years. CONCLUSION: Our study illustrates historical research process and future development trends in LCA field. This may help to guide the orientation for further clinical diagnosis, treatment and scientific research.

AIM: To analyze the distribution of fibrovascular proliferative membranes (FVPMs) in proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) patients that treated with pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), and to evaluate the outcomes separately. METHODS: This was a retrospective and cross-sectional study. Consecutive 25-gauge (25-G) PPV cases operated for PDR from May 2018 to April 2020. According to the FVPMs images outlined after operations, subjects were assigned into three groups: arcade type group, juxtapapillary type group, and central type group. All patients were followed up for over one year. General characteristics, operation-related variables, postoperative parameters and complications were recorded. RESULTS: Among 103 eyes recruited, the FVPMs distribution of nasotemporal and inferiosuperioral was significantly different (both P<0.01), with 95 (92.23%) FVPMs located in the nasal quadrants, and 74 (71.84%) in the inferior. The eyes with a central FVPM required the longest operation time, with silicon oil used in most patients, generally combined with tractional retinal detachment (RD) and rhegmatogenous RD, the worst postoperative best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and the highest rates of recurrent RD (all P<0.05). FVPM type, age of onset diabetes mellitus, preoperative BCVA, and combined with tractional RD and rhegmatogenous RD were significantly associated with BCVA improvement (all P<0.05). Compared with the central type group, the arcade type group had higher rates of BCVA improvement. CONCLUSION: FVPMs are more commonly found in the nasal and inferior mid-peripheral retina in addition to the area of arcade vessels. Performing 25-G PPV for treating PDR eyes with central FVPM have relatively worse prognosis.

ABSTRACT This paper explores how Black women entrepreneurs in Cali, Colombia confront racism and sexism, as they engage in the expanding neoliberal beauty market. We argue that anti-racist entrepreneurial experiences in Cali are shaped by four interconnected processes: First, changes in gender and development policies, aligned with inclusive neoliberal development projects. Second, the limitations of state neoliberal multicultural policies, which has made activists aware of the need to address racism and sexism. Third, activist’s appropriation of the intersectional turn, allowing them to recognize articulations between racism, classism and sexism. Fourth, the adoption of anti-neoliberal discourses supporting distributive and solidarity practices. Our analysis suggests that while entrepreneurial anti-racist actions do not generate radical or permanent changes in the beauty industry, they do have material and symbolic effects in Black women’s experiences of racial justice.

Abstract This chapter outlines the book’s theoretical framework. The key question it seeks to answer is: how do we explain the variation in different strategies of platform regulation, and why are governments able to foster policy change in some cases but not in others? The chapter begins by outlining three ideal-type strategies that governments seeking to shape online content moderation can pursue: convince, collaborate, or contest. Building upon regulatory politics, international political economy, and global governance scholarship, it then argues that the decision of a government to intervene and regulate a platform company in a certain way, the strategy that it will choose to do so, and the likelihood of its success are all influenced by two main factors, which the chapter defines as political will and the power to intervene. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the book’s case studies, which are used to test this theoretical framework in Part II of the book.

Abstract This chapter begins by defining key terms—platform governance, content moderation, and platform regulation. It outlines the book’s core research questions (understanding the factors informing why platform regulation emerges under certain conditions, as well as the character that this regulation takes), and presents the institutionalist approach that underlies the book’s argument. It summarizes the empirical approach of the book, including the more than 75 stakeholder interviews conducted with stakeholders in industry, government, and civil society, as well at the approach for obtaining new government policy documents via freedom of information request. It concludes with an outline of the book’s chapters.

Abstract This chapter discusses the diverging regulatory responses of Australia and New Zealand in the aftermath of the March 2019 Christchurch attack. It discusses how Australia quickly passed the Sharing of Abhorrent Violent Material Act, a muscular contested platform regulation strategy. Across the Tasman Sea, New Zealand instead, after initially considering a similar approach, ended up orchestrating a global, collaborative, voluntary regulatory initiative with industry: the Christchurch Call to Counter Violent Extremism. The chapter shows how two countries can be driven by political realities to respond to the same event with very different strategies.

ABSTRACT Satellite-based sensors such as the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) now routinely provide a detailed picture of global fire activity on a daily basis. These systems explicitly included biomass burning as a phenomenon of interest, and their design was heavily influenced by experience gained with the comparatively primitive Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) first deployed on the TIROS-N satellite in the late 1970s. The AVHRR is generally recognized as the earliest spaceborne sensor to provide a middle infrared (MWIR) channel sensitive to actively burning vegetation fires and other high-temperature, sub-pixel thermal anomalies, forming the basis of countless fire studies before higher quality MODIS data became available. Here, we consider in the context of active fire monitoring a sensor much older than the AVHRR, namely the High Resolution Infrared Radiometer (HRIR) on board NASA’s Nimbus-I, -II, and -III satellites, launched in 1964, 1966, and 1969, respectively. This early imaging sensor had a single MWIR channel primarily intended for night-time meteorological observations (a complementary daytime near-infrared channel was added for Nimbus-III) that could potentially serve as a source of pre-AVHRR active fire data. To this end, we inspected night-time HRIR imagery acquired over the western United States and found unambiguous evidence of multiple confirmed wildfires in 1966. In addition, we found strong evidence of actively burning fires in Africa, specifically the Democratic Republic of the Congo, western Zambia, and northern Namibia, and in northern Australia, commensurate with their fire seasons. Our findings indicate that it was actually the HRIR that acquired the earliest MWIR imagery that could be used for identifying biomass burning from space, well over a decade before the first AVHRR was deployed. We found in addition that the retrieval of fire radiative power (FRP) from higher dynamic-range HRIR observations was potentially possible pending refined calibration.