Introduction: the peace process in Colombia, the signing of the Havana Treaty and its compliance, have been the subject of various investigations. Due to the long history of the conflict and the multiple attempts at pacification, the Peace Treaty represented an important opportunity to resolve deep-rooted social problems in the affected territories. Objective: the objective of the study was to describe the social representations of ex-combatants about the Peace Treaty. Methodology: a basic qualitative design based on observation, interview and triangulation of sources was implemented. Results: the main results point towards a social representation of variable polarity according to the specific points, the predominance of ideas and beliefs related to the construction of the future, a favorable appreciation of the transition and resistance related to the historical problems that generate the conflict. Conclusions: it is concluded that the representation of ex-combatants is marked by the idea that peace, as was the armed conflict, is a process that entails advances and setbacks.

This research aimed to evaluate particleboards produced with bean straw and rubberwood particles glued with vegetable polyurethane adhesive as a proposal for a sustainable insulating material. Therefore, the physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of the panels were determined, as well as their resistance to termite attack, combustibility, and thermal insulation. By increasing the bean straw particle content, the water absorption was significantly reduced (from 11.44 % to 7.68 %), with the same tendency observed for thickness swelling (from 4.61 % to 1.73 %) after 24 h of immersion. Panels produced with 25 and 75 % bean straw contents showed an end to thermal degradation before rubberwood-only compounds, being more resistant to combustion. There was a reduction in the modulus of elasticity (66.4 %) and modulus of rupture (52.5 %) due to the increase in the bean straw particle content. The evaluation of the resistance of the particleboard to dry wood termites showed a lower mass loss for composite panels with higher contents of bean straw. The thermal conductivity of particleboards showed that greater amounts of waste resulted in greater thermal insulation. In terms of generating sustainable products and meeting the needed properties, it was concluded that it is feasible to produce particleboards with agricultural wastes and formaldehyde-free adhesive.

A local anaesthetic block performed in cranial and mandibular foramina contributes towards analgesia and the reduction of systemic anaesthesia in procedures in the oral cavity. However, anatomical differences between in wild animals may require adaptations to the anaesthetic and surgical manoeuvres of the head used in domestic animals. With that in mind, we aimed to describe the topography and morphometry of the infraorbital and mandibular foramina in Bradypus variegatus, to support perineural anaesthetic approaches in the cranio-mandibular region of this species. We demonstrated that in B. variegatus there is no significant variability in the morphometric data, allowing access to the studied foramina to occur in a similar way in adult individuals. Finally, we understand that the techniques for the infraorbital and mandibular foramen needed to be adapted due to the anatomical singularities of the species, which culminated in new reference points for more assertive needle positioning.

Abstract Given the ongoing environmental degradation from local to global scales, it is fundamental to develop more efficient means of gathering data on species and ecosystems. Local ecological knowledge, in which local communities can consistently provide information on the status of animal species over time, has been shown to be effective. Several studies demonstrate that data gathered using local ecological knowledge (LEK)‐based methods are comparable with data obtained from conventional methods (such as line transects and camera traps). Here, we employ a consensus analysis to validate and evaluate the accuracy of interview data on LEK. Additionally, we investigate the influence of social and bioecological variables on enhancing data quality. We interviewed 323 persons in 19 villages in the Western and Central Amazon to determine the level of consensus on the abundance of hunted and non‐hunted forest species. These villages varied in size, socio‐economic characteristics and in the experience with wildlife of their dwellers. Interviewees estimated the relative abundance of 101 species with a broad spectrum of bioecological characteristics using a four‐point Likert scale. High consensus was found for species population abundance in all sampled villages and for 79.6% of interviewees. The village consensus of all species abundance pooled was negatively correlated with village population size. The consensus level was high regardless of the interviewees' hunting experience. Species that are more frequently hunted or are more apparent had greater consensus values; only two species presented a low consensus level, which are rare and solitary species. We show in our study in the Amazon that information gathered by local peoples, Indigenous as well as non‐Indigenous, can be useful in understanding the status of animal species found within their environment. The high level of cultural consensus we describe likely arises from knowledge sharing and the strong connection between the persons interviewed and the forest. We suggest that consensus analysis can be used to validate LEK‐generated data instead of comparing these types of data with information obtained by conventional methods. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

The characterization of dairy farming is fundamental for the sector, as the information obtained directs institutional and public policy actions, which contribute to the development of the milk production chain. The objective of this research was to highlight and analyze two points: identify the spatial concentration of production and investigate the existence of centers specializing in milk production; evaluate the sources of growth in dairy farming in micro-regions of Pará and verify their participation in the growth and productivity of the herd. Regarding specialization in milk production, in the initial year of the study, there were nine specialized micro-regions; however, in the final year, only six fell into this classification, being Parauapebas, Marabá, Tucuruí, Redenção, São Félix do Xingu, and Altamira. Southeastern Pará stands out as the main dairy hub in the state, which encompasses municipalities with a tradition in dairy farming, such as Água Azul do Norte, the largest state producer since 2012. The effective growth in milk production from the 1990s to 2020 showed an increase in state production of 3.23% per year, with a greater contribution to this growth in herd productivity gains than in relation to the expansion of the herd; however, ten micro-regions presented a negative average annual growth rate, being located in the Northeast of Pará, Marajó, and the Metropolitan Region of Belém, a result resulting from the reduction of the herd expansion effect, as the productivity effect of all micro-regions exhibited positive rates, with the exception of Cametá and Arari. The sharpest decline occurred in Arari, with a sharp drop in milk production, number of animals milked, and cow yield. The twelve micro-regions with positive annual rates are located in the mesoregions of Southeast Pará, Southwest Pará, and Baixo Amazonas, nine associated with intensive growth and three more linked to extensive growth. In general, the results show that the regions specialized in the activity are more articulated, presenting the highest percentages in terms of quantity produced, herd milked, and financial movement, compared to non-specialized locations. Through analyses, it is possible to obtain a better understanding of the regional growth process, with a focus on dairy activity, as the information and particularities of properties are fundamental to guide public and private institutions on the reality and existing problems, enabling readjustment and new policy formulations with the aim of alleviating producers’ limitations, as well as enhancing growth and reducing intra- and inter-regional imbalances.

Chrysotus capellarii Soares & Carvalho-Filho sp. nov. is described and illustrated based on a single specimen collected in the department of Córdoba, Colombia, representing the first record of the longipalpus species group from the country (a photographic record is known from Costa Rica). The new species is easily recognized by the long palpus (about 2x longer than eye height) with a wide and oval apical lamella.

The diet offered to animals has a great influence on the composition of tissues and, consequently, the quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of Amazonian ecosystems, in the dry and rainy periods of the year, on the composition of cholesterol, tocopherols, β-carotene and the fatty acid profile of the livers of water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) reared in the Eastern Amazon, in an extensive or intensive system. Total lipid content was influenced by the location and time of year (p < 0.05). Ninety-six male water buffaloes were used (12 per sampling period), aged between 24 and 36 months, with average weights of 432 kg (end of the rainy season) and 409 kg (end of the dry season). Total cholesterol, α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol influenced the relationship between extensive vs intensive ecosystems, location, periods and the interaction between the location and period of the year (p < 0.05). Animals raised in a pasture ecosystem had the highest values of omega-3, and those raised in confinement, the highest values of omega-6 (p < 0.05). The proportions of n-6/n-3 and hypocholesterolemia (7.14) and hypercholesterolemia (3.08%) (h/H) were found in greater amounts in animals raised in confinement (p < 0.05). The atherogenic index (AI) had a higher value in the rainy season, in animals raised in Santarém (2.37%), with no difference between pasture and feedlot ecosystems, except in animals raised in the rainy season in Nova Timboteua, with a lower AI (1.53%). The thrombogenicity index (TI) was higher in the livers of confined animals (0.32%) and lower (0.18%) in those raised in Nova Timboteua (rainy season). Amazonian ecosystems influence the nutritional values of buffalo liver, with the best nutritional values in animals in the extensive system.

Registramos la presencia de Dressleria dodsoniana y Galeandra minax en Caquetá, Colombia, basados en dos poblaciones encontradas en la vertiente oriental de la Cordillera Oriental de los Andes y en el piedemonte Andino-Amazónico, respectivamente. Estas especies han sido previamente reportadas para el país en documentos impresos y en bases de datos, pero, sin la mención de ejemplares de herbario, siendo los registros fotográficos la única evidencia para su registro. Nuestros reportes resaltan la necesidad de confirmar la identidad y ocurrencia de las especies con la inclusión de colecciones botánicas en herbarios. Categorizamos ambas especies para Colombia como Críticamente Amenazadas (CR), debido principalmente, al deterioro de su hábitat y por el conocimiento de una única población registrada.

Las ciudades enfocan su desarrollo en la resolución de problemas con respuestas sostenible, y demandan de una gestión gubernamental centrada en su desarrollo y en especial de los centros históricos por su alto valor patrimonial y necesario cuidado, ello en función de las necesidades de calidad de vida, condiciones ambientales y sanidad de espacios. Se realiza un análisis estratégico del proceso de accesibilidad y movilidad del centro histórico de la ciudad de Matanzas. Se desarrolla una investigación de tipo cuantitativa, bajo un enfoque descriptivo con la finalidad de analizar la situación a nivel estratégico del proceso de accesibilidad y movilidad del centro histórico de la ciudad de Matanzas, se propuso un procedimiento integrado por tres etapas y contextualizado a las organizaciones de gestión de patrimonios históricos, se integran procedimientos para la selección de expertos, clasificación de procesos y análisis estratégico. Se conforma el Equipo Plan Maestro con representantes de todas las áreas que intervienen en el proceso, se caracterizó la organización y de la aplicación del análisis DAFO se identificó que la organización se encuentra en cuadrante de supervivencia con medias por cuadrante FO es 1,76, en el FA es 1,92, en DO es 1,48 y en DA es 3,52 lo que llevó a proponer acciones correctivas estratégicas. La gestión del proceso de accesibilidad y movilidad, influye significativamente en la efectividad en la gestión urbana y vial. Además, exige políticas y estrategias de gestión gubernamental enfocadas a resolver de manera creativa los retos relacionados con el desarrollo de la economía de ciudad de forma sostenible. Entre las implicaciones positivas permite realizar análisis de la situación estratégica de la organización a mediano y largo plazo, fijar metas y planificar políticas de prevención de riesgos ante amenazas.

Dung removal by macrofauna such as dung beetles is an important process for nutrient cycling in pasturelands. Intensification of farming practices generally reduces species and functional diversity of terrestrial invertebrates, which may negatively affect ecosystem services. Here, we investigate the effects of cattle-grazing intensification on dung removal by dung beetles in field experiments replicated in 38 pastures around the world. Within each study site, we measured dung removal in pastures managed with low- and high-intensity regimes to assess between-regime differences in dung beetle diversity and dung removal, whilst also considering climate and regional variations. The impacts of intensification were heterogeneous, either diminishing or increasing dung beetle species richness, functional diversity, and dung removal rates. The effects of beetle diversity on dung removal were more variable across sites than within sites. Dung removal increased with species richness across sites, while functional diversity consistently enhanced dung removal within sites, independently of cattle grazing intensity or climate. Our findings indicate that, despite intensified cattle stocking rates, ecosystem services related to decomposition and nutrient cycling can be maintained when a functionally diverse dung beetle community inhabits the human-modified landscape.