This study focused on the effects of dollarization on local currency (Somali Shilling) in Somalia. The study employed quantitative research method. The study adopted descriptive research design to assess the effects of dollarization on local currency in Somalia. The researcher collected the data through documentary review of several articles, books and journals in relation to the effects of dollarization on local currency in Somalia. The key findings the effects of dollarization on local currency in Somalia encompass: dollarization leads to local currency depreciation and shortages in Somalia, dollarization increases the rate of foreign exchange on local currency and inflation rate and dollarization weakens the local financial institutions, which creates lack of financial control in the economy by the government authority leading to financial instability. The study recommended that, the Central Bank of Somalia, and Parliament of the Federal Republic of Somalia should introduce new regulation to regulate finance in the economy, new policy on financial control, introduce financial reform and review business models in the sphere of finance in Somalia to curb the increasing devastating effects of dollarization on local currency in Somalia.

This study focused on the critical analysis of the European Union law-making process and sources of law. The study employed doctrinal legal methodology which covers research into doctrines and analysis of the relevant legal instruments including; Treaty on European Union (TEU), Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) and other instruments, legal articles and books citing secondary materials where issues need to be placed in contexts of the European Union’s law-making process and sources of law. The findings on the European Union law making process revealed three major methods of the European Union’s legislative process which they entail: firstly, ordinary legislative process containing procedures such as formulation, first reading, second reading, conciliation, third reading and special provisions; secondly, special legislative process containing procedures such as consultation procedure, consent procedure and approval procedure; and thirdly, non-legislative procedures such as procedure for adopting delegated acts and implementing acts; and the findings of the study on the European Union’s sources of law indicates that are two major categories of sources of law including; primary source of law such as the European Union founding treaties like the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union; and the secondary source of law such as legislative and non-legislative acts, international agreements, sui generis decisions, soft law, inter-institutional agreements, agreement between member states, legal unwritten custom; and thirdly, the general principles of law such as protection of the legitimate expectations, right to a fair hearing, the guarantee of fundamental rights and the principle of proportionality.

This study analyzed the effects of currency depreciation on consumer buying ehavior in Somalia. The study used a qualitative research method to assess the effects of local currency depreciation on consumer buying ehavior. The study employed documentary review tool to collect data on the effects local currency depreciation on consumer buying ehavior in Somalia. The study reviewed several books, articles and journals in relation to the effects local currency depreciation on consumer buying ehavior in Somalia. The key findings of the study on the effects of currency depreciation on consumer buying ehavior in Somalia include: currency depreciation increases the price of imported of goods and services that makes it impossible from the consumers to buy them with local currency, currency depreciation increases the consumers’ buying power to purchase the domestic goods, currency depreciation leads to aggravated inflation that hinders the buying power of the consumers and manufacturers move imported cost like the cost of raw materials to the consumer who they bear the burden and they become so poor with little capacity to purchase goods and services. Therefore, the study recommended that the Federal Government to come with clear and effective monetary policy and regulations to allow the use financial control and the use of local currency in the economy to increase consumer purchasing power to promote rapid economic growth in the economy.

This study aimed at improving the adaptive capacity of riverine communities in responding to floods in Beledweyne district, Somalia. The objectives of the study were to examine the factors that determine flood vulnerability of riverine communities in responding to floods in Beledweyne District, Somalia, to assess the indicators of adaptive capacity of riverine communities in responding to floods in Beledweyne District, Somalia and to evaluate the adopted strategies for improving adaptive capacities to flood hazards by riverine communities of Beledweyne District, Somalia. The study employed quantitative research approach using descriptive research design to analyse the adaptive capacity of riverine communities in responding to floods in Beledweyne District, Somalia. The research used data collection tools like questionnaire, interview and documentary review to collect the data. The main findings of the study were that there are many factors determining flood vulnerability of riverine communities in responding to floods in Beledweyne District, Somalia like staying very close to the river increases community members’ vulnerability to floods in the areas, staying near the estuary to flood, staying near the high-water mark, staying near the river defense walls, staying near the basin bridge with poor condition and many others. Secondly, the findings of the study indicate that there are indicators of adaptive capacity of riverine communities in responding to floods in Beledweyne District, Somalia which they encompass: low level of emergency and preparedness plan and resources, low level of emergency and preparedness plan and resources, low improvement of livelihoods and rural economy in the flood prone areas and low improvement of livelihoods and rural economy in the flood prone areas. Furthermore, the findings of the study indicate that the recommend strategies for improving adaptive capacities to flood hazards by riverine communities of Beledweyne District, Somalia entail: continuous assessment of the sector and infrastructure vulnerability in the riverine communities, executing early actions to increase economic resilience in livelihoods, assessment of the critical infrastructure (roads, bridges, utilities, prevention of ad hoc basin defenses, favor non-structural solutions and preparation and implementation of effective early warning messages that reach marginalized groups of people. The study recommends that there should be preparation of medium-term development and spatial plans, there should be proper preparation of medium-term development and spatial plans in Beledweyne district, preparation of proper local plans and the district authority or leaders in collaboration with the national leaders should prepare proper local plans for riverine communities.

This study dwelled on the major causes of currency depreciation in Somalia. The main purpose of the study was to investigate in detail the major causes of local currency depreciation in Somalia. The study used qualitative research method using descriptive research design to investigate the major causes of local currency depreciation in Somalia. The study employed documentary review data collection tool and collected the secondary data through thorough review of the articles and books related to the major causes of local currency depreciation in Somalia. The key findings of the study on the major causes of local currency depreciation in Somalia encompass: existence of large quantities of Somali shillings in the market; the fall in the revenue collection by the government in the last two years weakens the country’s local currency and causes its depreciation; existing monetary problems that hinder the control of financial activities by business owners in Somalia by the central bank of Somalia and financial regulatory authority in Somalia; weak monetary control coupled with lack of effective monetary policy to regulate and control the amount of inflow and outflow of foreign currency by the financial authority in the government such as Central Bank of Somalia and ministry of finance of the Federal Republic of Somalia and lastly dollarization of the economy which has replaced local currency and depreciated it owing to the massive inflow of foreign currency inform of remittance without being monitor and controlled by the financial authority in the country. The study recommended that the Federal Government of Somalia should introduce new monetary policy to monitor, control and supervise financial activities in the country and the Federal Government of Somalia should implement financial reform that allow the use of local currency to carry out all local transactions in Somalia to enable the local currency to regain its value and reduce the increasing rate of local currency depreciation.

This study focused on the influence of E-Money on currency shortages and depreciation in Somalia. The aim of the study was to examine the influence of E-Money on currency shortages and depreciation in Somalia. The research used qualitative research approach and collected the data through documentary review of books, articles, journals and reports on the influence of E-Money on currency shortages and depreciation in Somalia. The key findings of the study on the influence of E-Money on currency shortages and depreciation in Somalia encompass: E-money technology lacks security leading to currency shortages and depreciation leading to currency shortages and depreciation, dollarization of the E-Money decreases the value of local currency leading to currency shortages and depreciation; E-Money creates exchange rate instability since it transfers and receives money into the country using powerful foreign currencies such as dollar that decrease the value of the local currency; E-Money decreases ability to supervise, monitor and control country’s currency leading to currency shortages and depreciation; E-Money affects the reserves of the country leading to currency shortages and depreciation and lastly E-Money in Somalia has got limited expansion and coverage creating currency shortages and depreciation especially in the rural areas of the country. The study recommends that the Federal Government of Somalia through the Central Bank of Somalia should introduce and enforce effective supervision on all the issuers of E-Money; the government should provide solid, transparent and effective legal arrangements that provide the rights and duties of the merchants, customers, issuers and operators of E-Money to control fraud and other illegal activities within E-Money in order to control currency shortages and depreciation; should provide effective technical security to ensure smooth and transparent use of E-Money in the country; the government should parliament should pass and implement effective law such E-Money Act that can protect the people against criminal abuses arising from E-Money such as money laundering; the government should assess and report monthly monetary statistics to overcome the causes of currency shortages and depreciation and lastly the Federal Government of Somalia through the Central Bank of Somalia should impose reserve requirements on all the issuers of E-money (Electronic money) in Somalia to control currency shortages and depreciation.

This study focused on the causes and effects of poverty in Guriceel district, Galmudug state, Somalia. The aim of the study was to examine the causes and effects of poverty in Guriceel district, Galmudug state, Somalia. The study adopted a descriptive survey and targeted 500 people in Guriceel district. A sample of 126 respondents of the target population was considered by use of stratified purposive sampling technique. The primary data was collected through the use of closed-ended questionnaires and secondary data was obtained from literatures reviewed from the published documents by various scholars to supplement the primary data. The key findings of the study were that there are many causes of poverty in Guriceel district which they include: continuous civil war in Somalia is hindering economic activities of the people which is subjecting them into poverty, high level of corruption among civil servants, the existence of weak rule of law and poor governance leading to poor and ineffective service delivery in the district is causing of poverty in the district, high level of unemployment leading to low income generation by the residents in the district is causing poverty, poor access to affordable and quality health care in the district is causing poverty, high reproductive rate in the district is causing poverty in the district, dangerous climate change resulting into continuous drought is causing poverty in the district and lastly poor planning and distribution of social and economic services in the district is causing poverty in the district. And the main effects of poverty in Guriceel district entail: increase in the risk of people becoming infected with chronic illness, made people to live in dilapidated housing, increase of the death rate in the district, high risk of education underachievement for children from poor families, increase of mental health problems among poor people, high risk of education underachievement for children from poor families, increase of mental health problems among poor people, widening of gender inequality gap, increase in the rate of malnutrition among children from poor families who have got inadequate nutrition, reduction of life expectancy level among poor people and lastly poverty increase in crime rate like theft in Guriceel district. The study recommends that Federal Government of Somalia should provide enough and quality social services, establish more vocational training schools, create more jobs for the jobless youth, empower women, promote and practise of effective accountability and transparency in the public service to curb corruption, provide quality and affordable health services, formulate new policy on new on friendly youth-employment, reform the education curriculum and of more micro-finance institutions in all sub-districts in Somalia to provide loan to poor people.

This study focused on capacity building and public service delivery in Mogadishu Municipality,Banadir region, Somalia. The study objectives were to assess the current practices of capacity building conducted in Mogadishu Municipality (Banadir region), to identify the identify stakeholders involved in capacity building in Mogadishu Municipality (Banadir region), to identify successful factors in public sector capacity building program in Mogadishu Municipality(Banadir region) and to examine the constraints to effective public sector capacity building in Mogadishu municipality. The researcher used a combination of both qualitative and quantitative approaches of research to collect and analyze text and numeric data respectively. The researcher used descriptive research design, which has helped to investigating the current practices of capacity building and public service delivery in Mogadishu City.For the purpose of this study, the sample size was 52. It was stratified through the various groups. The data collected was coded first. After coding there was data entry and analysis using content analysis. The study concluded that citizen participation in the design and implementation of capacity activities for better public service delivery in Banadir region building are being practiced and implemented and Banadir regional administration has made good progress towards promotion of capacity building for better public service delivery in Mogadishu Municipality, Banadir region, Somalia, but there are problems and shortcomings in applying and practicing as well as promoting the theory and principles of capacity building.Based on the findings, the study recommended that as part of the capacity building effort,providing training without assessing the needs of the offices and or sectors results in wastage of resource. Therefore, training needs analysis should be undertaken before conducting training activities and the training has to be linked with performance, capacity created and developed would imply a huge waste of resources if it is not effectively utilized. Brain drain is often the byproduct of non-capacity utilization, involving non state actors during capacity need assessment and development and formulating local government capacity building framework.

This research study focused on the role of leadership on quality of higher education in the Banadir region, Somalia. The specific objectives of the study were to explore the roles of leadership on the quality of higher education in the Banadir region, Somalia, to establish the different methods or approaches being used by leaders in promoting the quality of higher education in the Banadir region, Somalia and to examine the challenges affecting the roles of leadership on the quality of higher education in the Bandar region, Somalia. The study adopted a mixed research design to enhance the overall quality of results. The study population in the study categorized three groups. A total of sample size of 80 universities administrators, institutional administrators and full-time staff were surveyed from seven universities and Ministry of education, culture and higher education of Somalia using data collection instrument called questionnaire. The main findings of the study were that leadership in various universities in Somalia played leading roles in promoting quality higher education in Banadir region, Somalia and these roles encompass: leadership and management roles, academic leadership roles, institutional leadership roles, transformation leadership roles, administrative function roles and promoting and improving students’ performance roles. Furthermore, the findings of the study revealed that the main challenges affecting the roles of leadership on the quality of higher education in Banadir region, Somalia encompass: lack of developed excellent academic mission, vision, goals and the core values, low level of level of students’ engagement with the faculty, department, ineffective curriculum, lack of responsiveness and effectiveness of quality support services of the students, lack of management and implementation of quality assurance by complying with the academic and infrastructural standards, lack of enough technology infrastructure and ensures its effective use for enhancing teaching learning experience of the students, there is no adequate equipment, there is low level of understanding students' needs, courtesy and so forth. The main recommendations of the study were that leadership in the university should play their crucial roles pertaining quality higher education promotion and provision of quality students’ service and the Federal Government of Somalia should provide learning resources to various universities to foster quality higher education promotion, should carry curriculum review and revision as well as establishment of education policy reform to promote quality higher education in Somalia.

Organizations are working hard to achieve success and competitiveness by employing qualified human resources. The specific problem addressed in this study was examining the effect of training & development on employee performance in the banking sector in Mogadishu, Somalia. This survey adopted a questionnaire with 23 questions in order to obtain primary data regarding respondents’ opinion and concepts. The sample size of this paper was 96 respondents from Salaam Somali Bank, Premier bank and Dahabshil bank in Mogadishu, Somalia. The results of this paper were analyzed using SPSS and to test reliability of this study Cronbach's Alpha was used. Descriptive statistics, correlation, regression and ANOVA were also used to find the correlation between the variables used in this study. The results of the study showed that there is a strong positive relationship between training & development and employee performance. Training design was found to have a significant positive relationship with employee performance and the association between training delivery style and employee performance was found to be a significant positive. The paper recommended Organizations should put training in their strategic plans and make it obligatory for every employee and provide training to their employees adequately and on a regular basis.