Abstract
Zingiber officinale var. rubrum (red ginger) is widely used in traditional medicine in Asia. Unlike other gingers, it is not used as a spice in cuisines. To date, a total of 169 chemical constituents have been reported from red ginger. The constituents include vanilloids, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, flavonoids, amino acids, etc. Red ginger has many therapeutic roles in various diseases, including inflammatory diseases, vomiting, rubella, atherosclerosis, tuberculosis, growth disorders, and cancer. Scientific evidence suggests that red ginger exhibits immunomodulatory, antihypertensive, antihyperlipidemic, antihyperuricemic, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic activities. These biological activities are the underlying causes of red ginger’s therapeutic benefits. In addition, there have been few reports on adverse side effects of red ginger. This review aims to provide insights in terms the bioactive constituents and their biosynthesis, biological activities, molecular mechanisms, pharmacokinetics, and qualitative and quantitative analysis of red ginger.
Highlights
Published: 25 January 2022Ginger, the rhizome of Zingiber officinale, consisting of seven species, is mainly distributed in Asia (Figure 1) [1]
This study found that red ginger showed potent activity in inhibiting the growth and killing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis
These results suggest red ginger could selectively inhibit angisuggest that red ginger could selectively inhibit the angiogenesis, adhesion, metastasis, ogenesis, adhesion, metastasis, and production of MMPs to block the migration of maligand of MMPs to block the migration of malignant tumors [89]
Summary
The rhizome of Zingiber officinale, consisting of seven species, is mainly distributed in Asia (Figure 1) [1]. Based on the size and color of the rhizome, common ginger can be categorized into three varieties: giant ginger or white ginger The plant has an ovoid-shaped composite that emerges from the rhizomes, with a stem length of 10–25 cm and small leaves at the base of the flower. To the best of our knowledge, thiswhite review article the first on Zingiber officinale var. Schum., Zingiber missionis improving the medicinal valuecholmondeleyi of red ginger(F.M. Wall., Zingiber officinale var. Perspectives on further improving the medicinal value of red ginger are provided
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