Abstract
Tropical soils are deficient in essential plant nutrients, including zinc (Zn). Using cover crops in cropping systems is an important option to improve soil fertility for sustainable crop production. However, success of cover crops in highly weathered tropical infertile acid soils is greatly influenced by adequate levels of available soil micronutrients. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the Zn requirements of ten major tropical legume cover crops. The Zn levels used were 0, 10, 20 and 40 mg·kg-1 soil. Overall, shoot and root dry weight and maximum root length increased significantly in a quadratic fashion with increasing Zn rates in the range of 0 to 40 mg·kg-1. The Zn × cover crops interactions for shoot and root dry weight, maximum root length, Zn concentration (content per unit dry weight), Zn uptake (concentration × dry weight) and Zn use efficiency (dry weight per unit Zn uptake) were significant, indicating variation in these traits with the change in soil Zn levels. Collectively, maximum shoot dry weight was achieved with the application of 22 mg Zn·kg-1 of soil. Similarly, maximum root dry weight and root length were obtained with the addition of 22 and 17 mg Zn·kg-1 soil, respectively. Overall, Zn concentration and Zn uptake were significantly increased in a quadratic manner with the increase in the soil Zn levels in the range of 0 to 40 mg·kg-1. However, Zn use efficiency (dry weight per unit Zn uptake) decreased in a quadratic fashion with the increasing soil Zn levels from 0 to 40 mg·kg-1. Jack bean, black velvet bean, pueraria, and gray velvet bean with high Zn use efficiency appear to be suitable cover crops for low Zn soils.
Highlights
Zinc (Zn) deficiency is a widespread nutrient disorder in crop plants worldwide [1] [2]
The shoot dry weight of the ten cover crops was significantly influenced by Zn level, cover crop treatments and Zn × cover crops interaction (Table 2)
Across all four Zn levels, minimum dry weight of 0.73 g·plant−1 was produced by pueraria and maximum dry weight of 9.13 g·plant−1 was produced by jack bean, with an average value of 3.45 g·plant−1
Summary
Zinc (Zn) deficiency is a widespread nutrient disorder in crop plants worldwide [1] [2]. These factors are low natural levels of micronutrients in the soils, use of high yielding cultivars, liming of acid soils, interactions among macro and micronutrients, planting on sandy and calcareous soils, increased use of high analysis fertilizers containing low amounts of micronutrients, and decreased use of organic amendments such as animal manures, composts, and crop residues [1] [2]. Zinc deficiency in annual crops is reported in Brazil [4], Australia [3], India [5], China [6], Turkey [7], Europe[8], USA [9], and Africa [10]
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