Abstract
Improving zinc (Zn) content in wheat and its processed foods is an effective way to solve human Zn deficiency, which can cause a variety of diseases. This article summarizes the works on Zn in wheat grain, wheat processing, and wheat-derived foods. Grain Zn content in wheat was 31.84 mg·kg−1 globally but varied across continents, for example, 25.10 mg·kg−1 in Europe, 29.00 mg·kg−1 in Africa, 33.63 mg·kg−1 in Asia, and 33.91 mg·kg−1 in North America. Grain Zn content in wheat improved from 28.96 to 36.61 mg·kg−1 and that in flour increased from 10.51 to 14.82 mg·kg−1 after Zn fortification. Furthermore, Zn content varied in the different processed components of wheat; that is, Zn content was 12.58 mg·kg−1 in flour, 70.49 mg·kg−1 in shorts, and 86.45 mg·kg−1 in bran. Zinc content was also different in wheat-derived foods, such as 13.65 mg·kg−1 in baked food, 10.65 mg·kg−1 in fried food, and 8.03 mg·kg−1 in cooking food. Therefore, the suitable Zn fortification, appropriate processing, and food type of wheat are important to meet people's Zn requirement through wheat.
Highlights
Zinc is a blue-white metal element that accounts for ∼0.02% of the earth’s crust and is the twenty-third largest element in abundance [1]
This article summarizes the results in the list of fields in recent years, including [1] zinc content in wheat, wheat processing, and wheat-derived foods and [2] the bioavailability of Zn in wheat
The average grain Zn content in wheat without Zn fertilizer was 28.96 mg·kg−1, which increased to 36.61 mg·kg−1 after Zn fortification (Figure 2)
Summary
Zinc is a blue-white metal element that accounts for ∼0.02% of the earth’s crust and is the twenty-third largest element in abundance [1]. Improving the daily Zn intake through wheat-derived processed foods is an important way to solve Zn deficiency. This article summarizes the results in the list of fields in recent years, including [1] zinc content in wheat, wheat processing, and wheat-derived foods and [2] the bioavailability of Zn in wheat. The grain Zn content of wheat in different countries since the 1960s (Table S1) ranged from 8.00 to 88.20 mg·kg−1 with an average value of 31.84 mg·kg−1 [5, 9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47].
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