Abstract
A zero valent iron-loaded nano-bentonite intercalated carboxymethyl chitosan (nZVI@nBent–CMC) composite was fabricated and characterized by FT-IR, TEM, TEM–EDX, XRD, BET surface area, and zeta potential measurements. The as-fabricated nZVI@nBent–CMC composite exhibited excellent removal efficiency for both anionic Congo red (CR) dye and cationic crystal violet (CV) dye. The maximum uptake capacities of CR and CV onto the nZVI@nBent–CMC composite were found to be 884.95 and 505.05 mg/g, respectively. The adsorption process of both dyes well fitted with the Langmuir isotherm model and pseudo-second order kinetic model. Thermodynamic data clarified that the adsorptions of both CR and CV onto the nZVI@nBent–CMC composite are spontaneous processes. Moreover, the adsorption of CR onto the nZVI@nBent–CMC composite was found to be an exothermic process while that of CV is an endothermic process. The nZVI@nBent–CMC composite also exhibited excellent reusability for both studied dyes without noticeable loss in the removal efficiency, suggesting its validity to remove both anionic and cationic dyes from wastewater.
Highlights
Polymers are increasingly growing in many applications including electronics, packaging, food, and medicine, the majority of these polymers are nonbiodegradable.[1]
We aim to (i) develop a new magnetic biopolymer-based composite nZVI@nBent−Carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) composite derived from the natural clay and biopolymer, (ii) characterize the developed magnetic nZVI@nBent−CMC composite by different tools, (iii) investigate the adsorptive efficiency and the adsorption phenomena of the developed magnetic nZVI@ nBent−CMC composite in the removal of both Congo red and crystal violet as a models for anionic and cationic dyes, and, (iv) study the reusability of the developed nZVI@ nBent−CMC composite utilizing its magnetic properties for easy regeneration
For nZVI, the two peaks at 453 and 634 cm−1 are ascribed to Fe−O stretching vibration as well as the appearance of the discriminative peak of nZVI at 692 cm−1.22 The two peaks at 995 and 1320 cm−1 are assigned to the formation of FeOOH on Fe0
Summary
Polymers are increasingly growing in many applications including electronics, packaging, food, and medicine, the majority of these polymers are nonbiodegradable.[1] These nonbiodegradable polymers represent a great threat to the environment. CMC has excellent chelation and adsorption properties and can be utilized over a wide range of pH.[10] CMC has garnered a great deal of interest owing to their amphoteric character, renewability, and their widespread applications in food preservation, drug delivery, cosmetics, biomedicine, and adsorption.[11,12]
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