Abstract
Zebrafish do not possess the typical astrocytes that are found in mammalian systems. In some brain areas, this teleost has radial glia that appears to perform astrocyte-like functions, but these cells have not been described in the zebrafish olfactory bulb. Mammalian astrocytes facilitate neuroplasticity and undergo astrogliosis after insult. The role of these cells in the zebrafish olfactory system after the damage has been poorly explored. This is important to examine because zebrafish have a high degree of neuroplasticity and the olfactory bulb is a brain area renowned for plasticity. The goal of this study was to explore the potential role of zebrafish astrocytes in the olfactory bulb damage response, with a goal to exploit the high level of regeneration in this system. We found that anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) labels numerous processes in the zebrafish olfactory bulb that are concentrated in the nerve and glomerular layers (GL) and do not show radial glial-like morphology. We propose to term this astroglia, since their location and response to damage suggests that they are similar in function to the mammalian astrocyte. To induce repetitive peripheral damage to the olfactory organ, a wax plug was inserted into the nasal cavity of adult zebrafish every 12 h for up to 7 days; this crushes the olfactory organ and leads to degradation of olfactory sensory neuron axons that project to the olfactory bulb. After 1 day, we found a significant increase in astroglial labeling in the affected bulb when compared to the internal control bulb and astroglial branches appeared to increase in number and size. By the third day of plug insertions there was no significant difference in astroglial labeling between the affected bulb and the internal control bulb. These data lead us to believe that astrogliosis does occur in the presence of peripheral damage, but this process attenuates within 1 week and no glial scar is evident upon recovery from the damage. Further exploration of astrocytes in zebrafish, in particular this apparent attenuation of astrogliosis, has the potential to elucidate key differences in glial function between teleosts and mammals.
Highlights
Astrocytes are crucial cells in the central nervous system (CNS) that provide energy substrates to neurons and influence synaptic transmission and plasticity (Barros and Deitmer, 2010; PérezAlvarez and Araque, 2013; Baldwin and Eroglu, 2017)
Since our study focused on morphological changes of astroglial branches, we determined that anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) antibodies were a superior marker over anti-Glutamine synthetase (GS) for astroglia and astrogliosis in the adult zebrafish olfactory bulb
Zebrafish lack evidence of classical stellate astrocytes, but they have glia that expresses the morphology and immunoreactivity of radial glia in most areas of the brain (Grupp et al, 2010). This observation, along with the fact that radial glia can directly differentiate into astrocytes (Malatesta et al, 2008), has led to the inference that radial glia performs the tasks of mammalian astrocytes in the zebrafish brain
Summary
Astrocytes are crucial cells in the central nervous system (CNS) that provide energy substrates to neurons and influence synaptic transmission and plasticity (Barros and Deitmer, 2010; PérezAlvarez and Araque, 2013; Baldwin and Eroglu, 2017). Since they play a role in neuroplasticity, which is necessary for recovery from injury to the CNS, their activity in the presence of damage is Astrogliosis in Zebrafish Olfactory Bulb crucial to understand. One way to approach this problem is to elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanism of neuroplasticity in regenerative model organisms, such as zebrafish, to find key differences in their physiology to exploit for medical intervention in mammals
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