Abstract
The Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD) was formed to end almost 20 years of single party rule by the United National Independence Party (UNIP) and reinstate a democratic regime in Zambia. In 1991, in the first elections since Zambia’s reintroduction of multipartyism, the MMD won an overwhelming majority and its victory was hailed as a sign of a brighter future (Chikulo 1993). However, in the subsequent years that the MMD was in power the party used less democratic and clientelist methods to preserve its position as Zambia’s ruling party. By 2011, when the MMD lost the presidency to the Patriotic Front (PF), it had become a party much like the one it had been formed to displace.
Published Version
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