Abstract
The gut microbiota (GM) is defined as the community of microorganisms (bacteria, archaea, fungi, viruses) colonizing the gastrointestinal tract. GM regulates various metabolic pathways in the host, including those involved in energy homeostasis, glucose and lipid metabolism, and bile acid metabolism. The relationship between alterations in intestinal microbiota and diseases associated with civilization is well documented. GM dysbiosis is involved in the pathogenesis of diverse diseases, such as metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases, celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and neurological disorders. Multiple factors modulate the composition of the microbiota and how it physically functions, but one of the major factors triggering GM establishment is diet. In this paper, we reviewed the current knowledge about the relationship between nutrition, gut microbiota, and host metabolic status. We described how macronutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, fat) and different dietary patterns (e.g., Western-style diet, vegetarian diet, Mediterranean diet) interact with the composition and activity of GM, and how gut bacterial dysbiosis has an influence on metabolic disorders, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and hyperlipidemia.
Highlights
In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the role of gut microbiota (GM) and their implications for human health, especially in the context of metabolic disorders, which increase the risk of cardiovascular incidents and the number of deaths in developed countries
We described how diet interacts with the composition and physiological activity of GM and how gut dysbiosis influences metabolic disorders, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and hyperlipidemia
This study revealed that a calorie-restricted diet with increased fiber intake for six weeks led to an increase in microbial gene richness in the low microbial gene count (LGC) group, which remained significantly different from that of the high microbial gene count (HGC) group
Summary
There has been a growing interest in the role of gut microbiota (GM) and their implications for human health, especially in the context of metabolic disorders (obesity, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia), which increase the risk of cardiovascular incidents and the number of deaths in developed countries. The microbial pattern shaping in the first 2–5 years of life will determine the GM profile in later stages of development—in early childhood when GM grows and diversifies, and in adolescence when the community of bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract stabilizes [13]. We described how diet interacts with the composition and physiological activity of GM and how gut dysbiosis influences metabolic disorders, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and hyperlipidemia
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