Yield and postharvest qualities of two genotypes of eggplant (Solanum melongena l.) applied with different levels of chicken dung

Heterotic effects and genetic components of variation for qualitative and quantitative characters were estimated in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). Forty hybrids generated by crossing four testers (males) with ten lines (females) were studied along with parents for studying heterosis and gene action for calyx length, fruit pedicel length, shoot borer infestation, fruit borer infestation, little leaf incidence, ascorbic acid content, total phenols content, number of fruit per plant and fruit yield per plant during rainy season of 2010-2011. The crosses obtained by L × T method possessed variation in terms of growth, yield and quality traits. Mean fruit yield per plant ranged from 2.85 to 1.04 kg. Among the 40 hybrids, the ones obtained from the cross 'Alagarkovil Local' × 'Annamalai' (L4 × T1), 'Palamedu Local' × 'Punjab Sadabahar' (L5 × T3), 'Palamedu Local' × 'EP 65' (L5 × T4) and 'Keerikai Local' × 'KKM 1' (L7 × T2) were suitable for heterosis breeding. Average performance of parents indicated that lines 'Alavayal local' (L1), 'Sedapatty local' (Green) (L2) and the tester 'Annamalai' (T1) were good parents for further breeding to exploit high yield and low pest and disease incidences. Performance of these hybrids needs to be further evaluated in multiple locations or on farm trial prior to commercial use. Key words: Hybrid vigour, brinjal germplasm, selection, yield attributes.

1. Ascorbate Biosynthesis in Plants, Fungi and Animals. 2. Ascorbic Acid Catabolism- Breakdown Pathways and Products in Plants and Animals. 3. Application of Biotechnology to Ascorbic Acid Manufacture. 4. Ascorbic Acid and Oxidative Stress/ Photoprotection in Plants. 5. Ascorbic Acid and Plant Growth. 6. Ascorbic Acid Uptake and Transport. 7. Membrane Redox Proteins involved in Ascorbate-Mediated Reactions. 8. Ascorbic Acid Recycling. 9. How does Ascorbic Acid Prevent Scurvy? 10. Function of Ascorbic Acid as an Antioxidant. 11. Ascorbic Acid and DNA Damage/ Antioxidant Pro-oxidant Effects of Ascorbate. 12. Ascorbic Acid and Aging. 13. Ascorbic Acid in the Central Nervous System.14. Ascorbic Acid and Inflammation. 15. Ascorbic Acid as an Antioxidant in Atherosclerosis. 16. What Intake of Vitamin C is Required for Optimal Human Health?

This study sought to determine the antioxidant activities and inhibitory effect of some egg plant species Solanum macrocarpon (yellow) and Solanum melongena (purple) on sodium nitroprusside and Fe2+ induced lipid peroxidation in rat’s pancreas. The totalphenolic, flavonoid and vitamin C content of the aqueous extracts were determined, as well as the antioxidant properties [ferric reducing antioxidant property (FRAP), Fe2+chelating ability and 2,2-Azinobis(3-ethylbenzo-thiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS·),1,1-diphenyl-2picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroxyl (OH·) radicals scavenging ability] inhibitory effect of the extracts on sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and Fe2+-induced lipid peroxidation were also determined in vitro. The results revealed that there was no significant (P > 0.05) difference in the total phenol, total flavonoid, vitamin C and FRAP of both eggplant, whileS. melongena had higher Fe2+ chelating ability and ABTS· scavenging ability. The aqueous extracts from S. macrocarpon and S. melongena inhibited SNP and Fe2+-induced lipid peroxidation in rat’s pancreas in a dose dependent manner. The antioxidant properties of the aqueous extracts from S. macrocarpon and S. melongena eggplant species and their strong inhibition of SNP and Fe2+-induced lipid peroxidation suggest that they could be a good antioxidants source in the management of degenerative diseases. Key words: Solanum species, antioxidant properties, lipid peroxidation, degenerative diseases.

A new enzymatic method based on the reaction ascorbic acid +½O2→ dehydroascorbic acid + H2O permits assaying for ascorbic and dehydroascorbic acids in vegetable extracts. The method is carried out using a Clark's electrode which determines the oxygen uptake during the above reaction. The method applied to both fresh and canned spinach is specific and reproducible. Some interfering substances may reduce the specificity and precision of the method, but the addition of chelating agents or acetaldehyde eliminates these interferences. On adding boric acid, only the interfering reductic acid is assayed. The ascorbic and dehydroascorbic acid values for fresh spinach range between 528–919 mg/100g for ascorbic acid and from 21–81 mg/100g for dehydroascorbic acid. For canned spinach the ascorbic acid values ranged from 119–202 mg/100g and the dehydroascorbic acid values from 25–110 mg/100g. The method is easy and rapid and can be utilized advantageously for routine analyses.

Grafting onto resistant/tolerant rootstocks is known to alleviate the negative effects of abiotic stress factors like salinity by enhancing their enzymatic antioxidant defense system and having more efficient nutrient uptake. This study was carried out under greenhouse conditions, different rootstock/scion eggplant combinations were grown under two salinity treatments 1.8-2 dS/m (control) and 6-7 dS/m (stress) with seven eggplant genotypes as rootstocks (commercial and Turkish genotypes). Two genotypes were used as the scion. Leaf MDA and ions (Na+, Cl-, K+ and Ca++) content, antioxidant enzymes activity were evaluated as indicators for plant tolerance level. It was found that the rootstock-grafted plants were more efficient in preventing Na+ ions to be transferred to the plants upper parts and had higher SOD, CAT, and APX activity levels compared to the self- and non-grafted plants which resulted in better tolerance and growth in these plants.

این آزمایش به منظور بررسی اثرات برخی محرک‌های رشد در بهبود شرایط رشد و نمو گل پروانش، در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی در 5 تکرار انجام گرفت. تیمارها شامل: محلول پاشی ساده و ترکیبی، چهار ماده محرک رشد اسید اسکوربیک، اسید جیبرلیک، تیامین و بنزیل آدنین بود. نتایج حاصل از این آزمایش نشان داد که، تیمارهای به کاربرده شده بر کلیه پارامترهای اندازه گیری شده به غیر از طول عمر گل تاثیر معنی داری داشتند. با توجه به نتایج مشخص گردید که تیمار ترکیبی بنزیل آدنین به همراه تیامین و اسید اسکوربیک تعداد گل در بوته را از 72/6 به 32/16 عدد رساند و موجب افزایش 71 درصدی وزن تر بوته گردید و نیز وزن خشک بوته را بیش از دو برابر افزایش داد. همچنین تیمار بنزیل آدنین به همراه اسید جیبرلیک قطر گل را به میزان 25 درصد افزایش و تعداد شاخه جانبی و قند احیاء در تیمار ترکیبی بنزیل آدنین، تیامین و اسید اسکوربیک بیش از 100 درصد افزایش یافتند. طول شاخه جانبی در ترکیب چهارماده دوبرابر شد. نتایج نشان داد تیامین موجب افزایش 81، 88 و 59 درصدی کلروفیل a، کلروفیل b و کاروتنوئید شد.

This investigation evaluated physicochemical parameters and the effect on the labeling of blood constituents with technetium-99m of a Solanum melongena aqueous extract. A commercial S. melongena was used to prepare an aqueous extract and visible absorbance spectrum, electric conductivity and refractive index were determined. Blood samples fromWistar rats were incubated with S. melongena extract or with 0.9% NaCl solution as control. After, stannous chloride as reducing agent and technetium-99m as sodium pertechnetate were added. Plasma and blood cells samples were separated. Samples of plasma and blood cells were also precipitated with trichloroacetic acid and soluble and insoluble fractions were separated. The radioactivity in each fraction was counted and the percentage of radioactivity incorporated was calculated. Data showed an absorbance peak at 500 nm and electric conductivity and refractive index were higher at the highest extract concentrations. S. melongena extract did not interfere on the labeling of blood constituents with technetium-99 m. The determination of these physicochemical parameters would contribute to characterize a S. melongena aqueous extract. Moreover, as the labeling of blood constituents with technetium-99m depends on the presence of reducing agent, the absence of effect of this extract in this radiolabeling process could be associated with its redox properties. Key words: Solanum melongena, eggplant, labeling, technetium-99 m, physicochemical parameters.

The different climatic conditions of Turkey contribute to the diversity of genetic resources. It is very important to detect, describe, protect and evulate this genetic diversity. One of these genetic resources is the Ayhan eggplant, which is grown locally in and around Ayhan village of Avanos district of Nevşehir province. The most commonly used method for detecting and identifying genetic resources is morphological characterization using some plant and fruit features. For morphological characterization, observations and measurements of 41 fruit and vegetative characters of 29 genotypes of Ayhan eggplant were used and genetic similarity/differences were determined among eggplant genotypes. A dendogram was created using the 41 features examined for morphological characterization, and while the genetic similarity was determined as 0.91-1.00, two main groups were obtained in the dendogram. These two main groups are divided into two separate subgroups. While there are control genotypes in the first group, there are genotypes of Ayhan eggplant in the other group. The results of present study show that, Ayhan eggplant population has important genetic variation. These eggplant population can be used for eggplant breeding programs.

Sahin K., N. Sahin: Effects of Chromium Picolinate and Ascorbic Acid Dietary Supplementation on Nitrogen and Mineral Excretion of Laying Hens Reared in a Low Ambient Temperature (7 o C). Acta Vet. Brno 2002, 71: 183‐189. The effects of chromium (chromium picolinate, CrPic) and ascorbic acid (L-ascorbic acid) supplementation on nitrogen (N), ash and mineral retention in laying hens (Hy-Line) reared under a low ambient temperature (7 oC) was evaluated. One hundred and twenty laying hens (32-weekold) were divided into four groups, 30 hens per group. The laying hens were fed either a basal diet or the basal diet supplemented with either 400 µg of Cr/kg of diet, 250 mg of L-ascorbic acid /kg of diet, or 400 µg of Cr plus 250 mg of L-ascorbic acid/kg of diet. Retention of N, ash, Ca, P, Zn, Fe and Cr were highest with the combination of chromium and ascorbic acid and were lowest with the control diet ( P< 0.05). Accordingly, excretion of N, ash Ca, P, Zn, Fe and Cr was lesser in chromium and ascorbic acid supplemented groups than the control ( P< 0.05), that of combination of supplemental chromium and ascorbic acid being lowest. Results of the present study show that supplementing ascorbic acid and chromium, particularly as a combination, improved retention of mineral and decreased excretion of nitrogen, ash, Ca, P, Zn, Fe, and Cr in laying hens. Such a combination of supplementation can offer a potential protective management practice in preventing the detrimental effects of cold stress in laying hens. The results of the present study also show that chromium and vitamin C had additive effects on parameters measured at the present study. Cold stress, chromium, ascorbic acid, mineral excretion, laying hen

Ascorbate polyphosphate is a bioavailable vitamin C source in juvenile rainbow trout: tissue saturation and compartmentalization model.

Feathers may be problematic to chickens in thermoregulation during heat stress. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of clipping feathers, dietary ascorbic acid supplementation and season on performance of laying chickens. 180 ‘Isa Brown’ (IB) layers of about 30 weeks old were subjected to a 2×2×2 factorial combination of feather conditions (intact and clipping), dietary ascorbic acid supplementation (0 and 300 ppm) and season (early dry, ED and late dry, LD) during a trial using a factorial design. The birds were randomly allotted to 8 treatments consisting of treatment one (basal diet and intact feathers); treatment two (basal diet and clipped feathers); treatment three (basal diet supplemented with 300 ppm ascorbic acid and intact feathers) and treatment four (basal diet supplemented with 300 ppm ascorbic acid and clipped feathers) in both ED and LD seasons. Results showed that clipping feathers significantly improved (P 0.05) on HDP, WI, F/Doz., EW, and ESW. However, the effect of the interactions of the three factors were not significant (P>0.05) on FC, EM, EST and %ESW. Finally, clipping of feathers alone; secondly, dietary ascorbic acid supplementation at 300 ppm alone; and thirdly, a combination of the two, can be efficient in condition of heat stress. Key words: Feathers, ascorbic acid, season.

Three different commonly used leafy vegetables in Nigeria (moringa oleifera, hibiscus esculentus and hibiscus sabdarifa) were analysed for their ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) contents. The vegetables were blanched in a steam blancher for 1- 6 minutes to analyse the effect of blanching time on their vitamin C content. Hibiscus esculentus had the lowest ascorbic acid content while hibiscus sabdarifa had the highest of Vitamin C concentration before blanching. After blanching for 6 minutes, hibiscus esculentus, Moringa oleifera and Hibiscus esculantus lost 69.7%, 64.2% and 54.2% of their initial Vitamin C contents respectively. Integral fitting of the experimental data shows that the kinetic degradation of ascorbic acid in all three vegetables follows first order reaction mechanism. The kinetic model parameters were determined using the integral method of data analysis for each vegetable. The pattern of ascorbic acid degradation in all the three vegetables was similar despite their different initial contents.

Background: Many clinical reports have indicated that ascorbic acid (vitamin C) improves vasodilatory impairments in patients with diabetes mellitus, but there is very little in vivo evidence to demonstrate its effectiveness on the brain. Objective: To investigate long-term effects of oral vitamin C administration on the cerebral microvascular vasodilation in diabetes, using streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Materials and methods: Diabetes was induced in male Wistar Furth rats by a single intravenous injection of STZ (55 mg/kg b.w). Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) was administered in drinking water (1g/l). The rats were divided into control and diabetic groups with or without administration of vitamin C. The cerebral microcirculation was observed at different times (12, 24 and 36 weeks) after vitamin C supplementation, using fluorescence videomicroscopy. Responses of cerebral arterioles to acetylcholine (ACh), adenosine-5 diphosphate (ADP) and nitroglycerine (NTG) were studied by measuring diameters of cerebral arterioles before and after topical application on the cortical surface. Results: The vasodilatory responses of cerebral arterioles to ACh and ADP were significantly decreased in diabetic rats, compared with non-diabetic (control) rats. The response to NTG was not altered in diabetic rats, indicating that the vasodilatory impairment involves at the endothelium. The impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation was prevented by long-term vitamin C administration. Conclusion: Long-term oral vitamin C administration might be of clinical relevance in improving cerebral microvascular vasodilatory impairment in diabetes.

During processing of strawberry products like puree were often found of problems such as loss of changed of red colour anthocyanin, formation of brown pigment and loss of vitamin C. The purpose of this research is to determine the best of precise ascorbic acid and sodium acid pyrophosphate (SAPP) concentrations to produced strawberry puree with a good quality. The research was employed by two factors. The first factor is ascorbic acid concentrations, consist of three levels: ascorbic acid 0,5%, 0,75% and 1,0%. The second factors is sodium acid pyrophosphate (SAPP) concentrations, consist of three levels: SAPP 0,04%, 0,07% and 0,1%. The research was designed by factorial randomized block design with two replications. The data were analyzed by variance analyzed when the treatments result gave significantly effect (P<0.05), then continoue to least significant different test (LSD). To decided the best treatment, using of indexs effektifitas method. The result of this research showed that the treatment combination of ascorbic acid and SAPP gave significantly effect on anthocyanin content and red colour intensity (a* value), but gave no significantly effect of total ascorbic acid, total soluble solid (TSS), pH and degree of lightness (L* value) of strawberry puree. Treatment of ascorbic acid 0,75% gave significantly effect on total soluble solid. The best of strawberry puree was produced by treatment of ascorbic acid 0,75% and SAPP 0,07%.

Determination of vitamin C in serum, urine, and other biological materials.