Abstract
The prebiotics- and probiotics-mediated positive modulation of the gut microbiota composition is considered a useful approach to improve gut health and food safety in chickens. This study explored the effects of yeast β-glucan (YG) supplementation on intestinal microbiome and metabolites profiles as well as mucosal immunity in older hens. A total of 256 43-week-old hens were randomly assigned to two treatments, with 0 and 200 mg/kg of YG. Results revealed YG-induced downregulation of toll-like receptors (TLRs) and cytokine gene expression in the ileum without any effect on the intestinal barrier. 16S rRNA analysis claimed that YG altered α- and β-diversity and enriched the relative abundance of class Bacilli, orders Lactobacillales and Enterobacteriales, families Lactobacillaceae and Enterobacteriaceae, genera Lactobacillus and Escherichia–Shigella, and species uncultured bacterium-Lactobacillus. Significant downregulation of cutin and suberin, wax biosynthesis, atrazine degradation, vitamin B6 metabolism, phosphotransferase system (PTS), steroid degradation, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, aminobenzoate degradation and quorum sensing and upregulation of ascorbate and aldarate metabolism, C5-branched dibasic acid metabolism, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, steroid biosynthesis, carotenoid biosynthesis, porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid biosynthesis, lysine degradation, and ubiquinone and other terpenoid-quinone biosyntheses were observed in YG-treated hens, as substantiated by the findings of untargeted metabolomics analysis. Overall, YG manifests prebiotic properties by altering gut microbiome and metabolite profiles and can downregulate the intestinal mucosal immune response of breeder hens.
Highlights
The gastrointestinal tract of chickens demonstrates a highly diverse ecosystem, harboring more than 900 bacterial species (Gong et al, 2002)
This study aimed to explore whether yeast β-glucan can regulate the immune function of older hens by affecting gut microbiota composition and their metabolism
Based on the 97% sequence similarity, these sequences were distributed to 93 operational taxonomic units (OTU). α-Diversity is illustrated in Figure 1A, and yeast β-glucan supplementation significantly enhanced the Shannon index, while reducing the Simpson index, relative to the control group (p < 0.05)
Summary
The gastrointestinal tract of chickens demonstrates a highly diverse ecosystem, harboring more than 900 bacterial species (Gong et al, 2002). Research has highlighted several predisposing factors, such as genetics, environment, age, diet, additives, antibiotics, and pathogens, that influence or regulate the host gut microbiota composition, diversity, and function, thereby altering metabolism and immunity (Belkaid and Hand, 2014; Lynch and Pedersen, 2016; Thaiss et al, 2016). There is increasing evidence that polysaccharides from plants and microbes modulate the composition of the gut microbiota as well as microbial-derived metabolites in humans, animals, and poultry, which in turn improves host immunity, meaning they could be used to treat several ailments (Jayachandran et al, 2018; Tang et al, 2019; Yin et al, 2020). Metabolizing prebiotic polysaccharides, gut microbiota can produce a wide range of primary and secondary metabolites, some of which can, in turn, affect host physiology and immunity (Koh et al, 2016)
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