Abstract
Purpose The YAP signaling pathway is altered and implicated as oncogenic in human mammary cancers. However, roles of YAP signaling that regulate the breast tumor angiogenesis have remained elusive. Tumor angiogenesis is coordinated by the activation of both cancer cells and vascular endothelial cells. Whether the YAP signaling pathway can regulate the intercellular interaction between cancer cells and endothelial cells is essentially unknown. Methods The effects of YAP on tumor angiogenesis, migration, and proliferation of vascular endothelial cells were evaluated in vitro. Expression of proteins and phosphorylating proteins involved in YAP, G13-RhoA, and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways was evaluated using the Western blotting, immunofluorescence staining, and immunohistochemistry analysis. In addition, the effects of YAP on breast cancer angiogenesis were evaluated in vivo by tumor xenograft mice. Results We showed here that conditioned media from YAP overexpressed breast cancer cells (CM-YAP+) could promote angiogenesis, accompanied by increased tube formation, migration, and proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Down regulation of YAP in HUVECs reversed CM-YAP+ induced angiogenesis. CM-YAP+ time-dependently activated YAP in HUVECs by dephosphorylating YAP and increasing nuclear translocation. We also identified that both G13-RhoA and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway were necessary for CM-YAP+ induced activation of YAP. Besides, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and angiopoietin-2 (ANG-2) acted as down-stream of YAP in HUVECs to promote angiogenesis. In addition, subcutaneous tumors nude mice model demonstrated that tumors overexpressed YAP revealed more neovascularization in vivo. Conclusion YAP-YAP interaction between breast cancer cells and endothelial cells could promote tumor angiogenesis, supporting that YAP is a potential marker and target for developing novel therapeutic strategies against breast cancer.
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