Workflow evaluation of environmental contamination with hazardous drugs during compounding and administration in an UK hospital.

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Exposure of healthcare workers to hazardous drugs may result in adverse health effects underscoring the importance of validating working procedures and safety precautions to minimise the risk. The objective was to monitor environmental contamination caused by the hazardous drug workflow: from drug vials, compounding process, to patient administration. Surface wipe samples were collected from potentially contaminated surfaces in the compounding department and in the administration department. The outside of drug vials, compounded syringes, bags, elastomeric pumps, and gloves used by the nurses for administration were also monitored. Stationary air samples were collected near the isolators and above the bench top. Personal air samples were collected from pharmacy technicians, pharmacists, and nurses. Monitoring was performed in three trials during two-months. Samples were analysed for cyclophosphamide, 5-fluorouracil, docetaxel, and paclitaxel using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Contamination was mainly found for 5-fluorouracil and cyclophosphamide on isolator surfaces, bench top, trays, and compounded products. Lower levels of contamination were measured in the administration department on trays, trolley arms and gloves of the nurses. Paclitaxel and docetaxel were incidentally detected. Air contamination was found for paclitaxel in the compounding department in one trial, and 5-fluorouracil was detected once in front of an isolator. Docetaxel was found in one air sample of a nurse. Contamination was mainly found for 5-fluorouracil and cyclophosphamide on the products compounded in the isolators. Contamination was further spread along the workflow towards the administration department causing surfaces in between being contaminated too.