Women's Work Histories

Abstract

This book chapter focuses on changes in the patterns of employment in the US the compatibility of jobs with family responsibilities and the meaning of employment to women. Gainfully employed women represented 20% of the work force aged over 14 years in 1900 and in 1992 75% of women aged 20-44 years worked. The character of employment changed before and after World War II. In 1900 working women were mostly White single young and native-born and married working women were mostly Blacks immigrants and very poor people. The number of womens jobs increased over time and wages increased for women. The fastest growing group of women after the war was mothers of small children. Family status had a declining influence on employment over time and was most likely to affect job entrances and exits. Job turnover rates were higher for women than for men and rates declined for women over time. It is too soon to observe how the 1993 Family and Medical Leave Act which allows for 12 weeks of unpaid leave will affect employment and childbearing. Recent evidence suggests that women leave employment for reasons other than family constraints. Spatial location of residence is key to defining job options. A high percentage of married women with young children now work at home. Couples tend to move more often due to the mans job opportunities. In 1977 57% of men and 89% of women reported an unwillingness to relocate for a much better job. Dual career couples may experience difficulties in finding jobs after relocation. Perceived willingness to move changes at different stages in careers. Womens work may involve part-time employment flex-time or alternative work shifts. Hakim argues that few working women have a high work commitment; many are working wives. Womens plans preferences and employment patterns help explain their fertility and employment patterns.