Abstract
Urolithiasis is a multifactorial disease of male ruminants causing significant economic loss and compromise of animal welfare. Known risk factors include anatomic factors, urine pH, water intake, dietary composition and genetic factors. Clinical cases of obstructive urolithiasis may be treated using a variety of medical and surgical interventions, including tube cystostomy, perineal urethrostomy, urinary bladder marsupialization and modifications of these procedures designed to optimize patient outcome. Preventative measures aimed at the known risk factors include addressing body water balance, mineral composition of the diet and anatomical factors.
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