Abstract
BackgroundDuplications of stretches of the genome are an important source of individual genetic variation, but their unrecognized presence in laboratory organisms would be a confounding variable for genetic analysis.ResultsWe report here that duplications of 15 kb or more are common in the genome of the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum. Most stocks of the axenic 'workhorse' strains Ax2 and Ax3/4 obtained from different laboratories can be expected to carry different duplications. The auxotrophic strains DH1 and JH10 also bear previously unreported duplications. Strain Ax3/4 is known to carry a large duplication on chromosome 2 and this structure shows evidence of continuing instability; we find a further variable duplication on chromosome 5. These duplications are lacking in Ax2, which has instead a small duplication on chromosome 1. Stocks of the type isolate NC4 are similarly variable, though we have identified some approximating the assumed ancestral genotype. More recent wild-type isolates are almost without large duplications, but we can identify small deletions or regions of high divergence, possibly reflecting responses to local selective pressures. Duplications are scattered through most of the genome, and can be stable enough to reconstruct genealogies spanning decades of the history of the NC4 lineage. The expression level of many duplicated genes is increased with dosage, but for others it appears that some form of dosage compensation occurs.ConclusionThe genetic variation described here must underlie some of the phenotypic variation observed between strains from different laboratories. We suggest courses of action to alleviate the problem.
Highlights
Duplications of stretches of the genome are an important source of individual genetic variation, but their unrecognized presence in laboratory organisms would be a confounding variable for genetic analysis
Genetic variation within a given species can extend from simple polymorphisms at single nucleotides to translocations, inversions and duplications affecting many genes
Similar variability can occur in laboratory organisms: inbred mouse strains show widespread copy number variation [8,9], which can be associated with complex phenotypes [10]
Summary
Duplications of stretches of the genome are an important source of individual genetic variation, but their unrecognized presence in laboratory organisms would be a confounding variable for genetic analysis. Genome Biology 2008, Volume 9, Issue 4, Article R75 Bloomfield et al R75.2 amplifications and deletions detectable by DNA microarray hybridizations [1,2,3]. These structural variations can have marked effects on phenotype as demonstrated by their association with pathologies of various kinds [4]. Similar variability can occur in laboratory organisms: inbred mouse strains show widespread copy number variation [8,9], which can be associated with complex phenotypes [10]. Spontaneous translocations have been observed genetically in Aspergillus nidulans [13] and Neurospora crassa [14,15]
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