Abstract
Abstract Empirically, winning Congressional candidates of the two parties from ideologically comparable districts tend to be at least as ideologically divergent in competitive districts as in noncompetitive ones. A spatial model, accounting for party loyalty and the threat of abstention, implies that positions similar to those observed in Conclusion 3.1 constitute optimal strategies for office-seeking candidates. When a party wins more seats in Congress, the overall median moves in the expected direction (left for Democrats and right for Republicans), but the party median of the winning party typically moves in the opposite direction (rightward for Democrats and leftward for Republicans).
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