Why Does the Biosphere Interact with Earth's Climate, and How Do the Two-Way Interactions Work?

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With the use of matter (carbon dioxide, nutrients, and water) and solar energy, phytoplankton produce oxygen and carbohydrates, which are transported to predators through the oceanic food web hierarchy. From the viewpoint of irreversible processes of non-equilibrium thermodynamics, oceanic photosynthesis gives a mechanistic picture of living things characterized by double sets of self-organizations supported by flows of energy and entropy discarded into the ocean environment. This produces biological, ocean circulation, and climate interactions.