Whole transcriptome analysis of gestational trophoblastic neoplasms reveals altered PI3K signaling pathway in epithelioid trophoblastic tumor

Abstract

ObjectiveGenomic characteristics of gestational trophoblastic neoplasm (GTN) are mostly unknown. This study reveals the molecular features of malignant GTN, including choriocarcinoma (CC), epithelioid trophoblastic tumor (ETT), and placental site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT), by whole transcriptome sequencing analysis. MethodsData obtained from the total RNA sequencing of 2 CC, 4 ETT, and 4 PSTT were evaluated for differential gene expression, pathway alteration, fusion gene, infiltrating immune cell type, PD-L1 and PTEN expression level, and mutation analysis was performed. ResultsThe transcriptome data were correlated with known biomarkers, including HDS3B1, p63, hCG, and hPL for all tumor types. ETT and PSTT were more closely clustered compared with CC in clustering analysis using gene expression; however, ETT showed various altered signaling pathways, including PI3K-Akt-mTOR, with frequent loss of PTEN protein expression. This finding was both well correlated with PIK3CA c.3140A > G pathogenic mutation, detected in 1 ETT, and further confirmed using the MassARRAY method. PSTT showed an overexpressed gene cluster associated with muscle contraction and G protein-coupled receptor activity. No significant fusion gene was seen in all 10 cases. In tumor-infiltrating immune cell profiles, CD4 memory T cell and macrophage signature were relatively high in ETT and PSTT. PD-L1 mRNA expression level was high in all cases, which was significantly correlated with the PD-L1 level by immunohistochemistry (p = 0.03) with positivity in all 10 cases. ConclusionsETT and PSTT were similar at the transcriptome level, with a high level of PD-L1 expression in all tumor types; however, specific pathways, such as PI3K signaling, were altered in ETT.