Abstract
Background Due to the growing prevalence of type 2 diabetes, new dietary solutions are needed to help improve glucose and lipid metabolism in persons at high risk of developing the disease. Herein we investigated the effects of low-insulin-response grain products, fatty fish, and berries on glucose metabolism and plasma lipidomic profiles in persons with impaired glucose metabolism.Methodology/Principal Findings Altogether 106 men and women with impaired glucose metabolism and with at least two other features of the metabolic syndrome were included in a 12-week parallel dietary intervention. The participants were randomized into three diet intervention groups: (1) whole grain and low postprandial insulin response grain products, fatty fish three times a week, and bilberries three portions per day (HealthyDiet group), (2) Whole grain enriched diet (WGED) group, which includes principally the same grain products as group (1), but with no change in fish or berry consumption, and (3) refined wheat breads (Control). Oral glucose tolerance, plasma fatty acids and lipidomic profiles were measured before and after the intervention. Self-reported compliance with the diets was good and the body weight remained constant. Within the HealthyDiet group two hour glucose concentration and area-under-the-curve for glucose decreased and plasma proportion of (n-3) long-chain PUFAs increased (False Discovery Rate p-values <0.05). Increases in eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid associated curvilinearly with the improved insulin secretion and glucose disposal. Among the 364 characterized lipids, 25 changed significantly in the HealthyDiet group, including multiple triglycerides incorporating the long chain (n-3) PUFA.Conclusions/SignificanceThe results suggest that the diet rich in whole grain and low insulin response grain products, bilberries, and fatty fish improve glucose metabolism and alter the lipidomic profile. Therefore, such a diet may have a beneficial effect in the efforts to prevent type 2 diabetes in high risk persons.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT00573781
Highlights
The beneficial health effects related to consumption of whole grain [1,2,3], fish or fish oil supplements [4,5] and polyphenol rich foods such as berries [6] are well documented
We aimed to study whether the increase in plasma eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content is related to the improved glucose metabolism
We studied the effects of whole grain and low insulin response grain products, fatty fish, and bilberries on glucose metabolism, plasma fatty acids and lipidomic profile in individuals with features of the metabolic syndrome
Summary
The beneficial health effects related to consumption of whole grain [1,2,3], fish or fish oil supplements [4,5] and polyphenol rich foods such as berries [6] are well documented. A twelve-week consumption of low insulin response diet (rye bread and pasta) has been shown to enhance early insulin secretion in persons with metabolic syndrome [2] This diet modulated gene expression profile of abdominal subcutaneous tissue by down-regulating genes involved in insulin signaling and apoptosis [11]. While the rye bread and pasta diet did not alter the lipidomic profile of plasma, the high insulin response diet (oatwheat bread and potato) led to increased concentrations of proinflammatory lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs) [12]. This suggests that even a moderate dietary carbohydrate modification may affect the lipid metabolism. We investigated the effects of low-insulin-response grain products, fatty fish, and berries on glucose metabolism and plasma lipidomic profiles in persons with impaired glucose metabolism
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