Who Makes the Diagnosis? A Retrospective Observational Study Comparing the Emergency Department Initial Diagnosis and the Internal Medicine Discharge Diagnosis

Analysis of Emergency Department Visits for Palpitations (from the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey)

High Diagnostic Uncertainty and Inaccuracy in Adult Emergency Department Patients With Dyspnea: A National Database Analysis.

Concordance between emergency department and discharge diagnoses in patients admitted with right lower quadrant abdominal pain

Point-of-care lung ultrasound in children with non-cardiac respiratory distress or tachypnea

To examine the distribution and frequency of International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10), codes in emergency departments (EDs) across Malaysia, providing insights into the most common diagnoses. The aim is to support the development of a principal diagnosis short list for implementing ED-specific diagnosis-related groups (DRGs) to enhance resource allocation and healthcare efficiency. A cross-sectional study conducted as part of a functional exercise by the Ministry of Health Malaysia, with systematic retrospective data collection over a 6-week period in 2022. 13 public emergency hospitals across Malaysia, representing state, major specialist, minor specialist and non-specialist hospitals, including facilities from Sabah and Sarawak for geographical diversity. 10 247 ED visit records were collected through systematic random sampling, of which 9942 complete and valid records were retained for analysis after the exclusion of incomplete or erroneous entries. The study included 9942 ED patient records from 13 public hospitals across Malaysia over a 6-week period. Of these, 54.4% were male, and 45.5% were female. Malaysian citizens comprised 96.1% of the study population. The most frequently reported diagnoses were respiratory diseases (21.2%), followed by injuries and poisoning (13.2%) and digestive system disorders (8.4%). A total of 946 unique ICD-10 codes were identified, with 73.7% used fewer than five times. The top 20 diagnoses accounted for 42.9% of all records. Acute upper respiratory infection (J06.9) was the most commonly reported diagnosis (961 cases), followed by COVID-19 (U07.1, 608 cases) and gastroenteritis of unspecified origin (A09.9, 313 cases). The data demonstrated variation in the distribution of ICD-10 diagnoses across participating hospitals, highlighting key diagnostic categories relevant for future DRG development. This study highlights the diversity of diagnoses in Malaysian EDs and underscores the need for tailored DRGs to optimise healthcare resource allocation. The findings suggest that a principal diagnosis short list may support future efforts to improve classification consistency and inform resource planning, although its effect warrants empirical evaluation. Given the concentration of diagnoses within a limited number of ICD-10 codes, implementing DRGs in emergency care is both feasible and necessary. Future research should expand data collection to capture seasonal trends and refine the principal diagnosis list to further support DRG categorisation and ensure its applicability across varying healthcare demands.

The objective was to describe the epidemiology of dyspnea presenting to emergency departments (EDs) in the Asia-Pacific region, to understand how it is investigated and treated and its outcome. Prospective interrupted time series cohort study conducted at three time points in EDs in Australia, New Zealand, Singapore, Hong Kong, and Malaysia of adult patients presenting to the ED with dyspnea as a main symptom. Data were collected over three 72-hour periods and included demographics, comorbidities, mode of arrival, usual medications, prehospital treatment, initial assessment, ED investigations, treatment in the ED, ED diagnosis, disposition from ED, in-hospital outcome, and final hospital diagnosis. The primary outcomes of interest are the epidemiology, investigation, treatment, and outcome of patients presenting to ED with dyspnea. A total of 3,044 patients were studied. Patients with dyspnea made up 5.2% (3,105/60,059, 95% confidence interval [CI]= 5.0% to 5.4%) of ED presentations, 11.4% of ward admissions (1,956/17,184, 95% CI= 10.9% to 11.9%), and 19.9% of intensive care unit (ICU) admissions (104/523, 95% CI= 16.7% to 23.5%). The most common diagnoses were lower respiratory tract infection (20.2%), heart failure (14.9%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (13.6%), and asthma (12.7%). Hospital ward admission was required for 64% of patients (95% CI= 62% to 66%) with 3.3% (95% CI= 2.8% to 4.1%) requiring ICU admission. In-hospital mortality was 6% (95% CI= 5.0% to 7.2%). Dyspnea is a common symptom in ED patients contributing substantially to ED, hospital, and ICU workload. It is also associated with significant mortality. There are a wide variety of causes however chronic disease accounts for a large proportion.

2 Evaluation of Mid-Regional Pro-Adrenomedullin, Mid-Regional Pro-atrial Natriuretic Peptide, and Procalcitonin for the Diagnosis and Risk Stratification of Emergency Department Patients With Dyspnea

A POPULATION-BASED COHORT STUDY OF A CLINICAL DECISION INSTRUMENT FOR 30-DAY DEATH FOLLOWING AN EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT VISIT FOR ATRIAL FIBRILLATION: THE ATRIAL FIBRILLATION IN THE EMERGENCY ROOM (AFTER) STUDY

Diagnostic errors are a major carehealth concern but remain difficult to study because their identification often requires resource-intensive chart reviews. We aimed to validate a previously proposed automated method for detecting discrepancies between an initial and a later, more definitive diagnosis as a screening tool for potential diagnostic errors in a large, prospective cohort of emergency department (ED) patients. This secondary analysis included 1,204 patients enrolled in the DDxBRO randomized trial, which evaluated the effect of a diagnostic decision support tool on diagnostic quality in four Swiss emergency departments. For each patient, the ED diagnosis was extracted from the ED discharge letter, and the follow-up diagnosis at 14days was obtained from hospital discharge letters, or general practitioner notes. All diagnoses were coded using ICD-10 and manually classified for discrepancies by two blinded ED physicians according to a predefined scheme. The automated method calculated the "similarity" between ICD-10 codes for ED and follow-up diagnoses. Discriminative performance of this method to distinguish between cases with and without diagnostic error was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, and sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values were assessed across multiple cutoffs. The automated method showed high and consistent discriminative performance across all algorithms tested, with areas under the ROC curve (AUCs) ranging from 0.94 to 0.95. Using the most sensitive cutoff in the simplest algorithm, all true discrepancies were detected, but 162 cases (15%) were incorrectly flagged as discrepant. The automated method demonstrated high accuracy and shows promise as a practical screening tool to prioritize cases for resource-intensive chart review. NCT05346523.

Diagnosis of pneumonia in the ED has poor accuracy despite diagnostic uncertainty

The authors sought to describe the epidemiology of and risk factors for recurrent and high-frequency use of the emergency department (ED) by children. This was a retrospective cohort study using a database of children aged 0 to 17 years, inclusive, presenting to 22 EDs of the Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network (PECARN) during 2007, with 12-month follow-up after each index visit. ED diagnoses for each visit were categorized as trauma, acute medical, or chronic medical conditions. Recurrent visits were defined as any repeat visit; high-frequency use was defined as four or more recurrent visits. Generalized estimating equations (GEEs) were used to measure the strength of associations between patient and visit characteristics and recurrent ED use. A total of 695,188 unique children had at least one ED visit each in 2007, with 455,588 recurrent ED visits in the 12 months following the index visits. Sixty-four percent of patients had no recurrent visits, 20% had one, 8% had two, 4% had three, and 4% had four or more recurrent visits. Acute medical diagnoses accounted for most visits regardless of the number of recurrent visits. As the number of recurrent visits per patient rose, chronic diseases were increasingly represented, with asthma being the most common ED diagnosis. Trauma-related diagnoses were more common among patients without recurrent visits than among those with high-frequency recurrent visits (28% vs. 9%; p<0.001). High-frequency recurrent visits were more often within the highest severity score classifications. In multivariable analysis, recurrent visits were associated with younger age, black or Hispanic race or ethnicity, and public health insurance. Risk factors for recurrent ED use by children include age, race and ethnicity, and insurance status. Although asthma plays an important role in recurrent ED use, acute illnesses account for the majority of recurrent ED visits.

Objective This study examines whether implementation of electronic reminders is associated with a change in the amount and content of diagnostic data recorded in primary health care emergency departments (ED). Design A register-based 12-year follow-up study with a before-and-after design. Setting This study was performed in a primary health care ED in Finland. An electronic reminder was installed in the health record system to remind physicians to include the diagnosis code of the visit to the health record. Subjects and main outcome measures The report generator of the electronic health record-system provided monthly figures for the number of different recorded diagnoses by using the International Classification of Diagnoses (ICD-10th edition) and the total number of ED physician visits, thus allowing the calculation of the recording rate of diagnoses on a monthly basis and the comparison of diagnoses before and after implementing electronic reminders. Results The most commonly recorded diagnoses in the ED were acute upper respiratory infections of various and unspecified sites (5.8%), abdominal and pelvic pain (4.8%), suppurative and unspecified otitis media (4.5%) and dorsalgia (4.0%). The diagnosis recording rate in the ED doubled from 41.2 to 86.3% (p < 0.001) after the application of electronic reminders. The intervention especially enhanced the recording rate of symptomatic diagnoses (ICD-10 group-R) and alcohol abuse-related diagnoses (ICD-10 code F10). Mental and behavioural disorders (group F) and injuries (groups S-Y) were also better recorded after this intervention. Conclusion Electronic reminders may alter the documentation habits of physicians and recording of clinical data, such as diagnoses, in the EDs. This may be of use when planning resource managing in EDs and planning their actions. KEY POINTS Electronic reminders enhance recording of diagnoses in primary care but what happens in emergency departments (EDs) is not known. Electronic reminders enhance recording of diagnoses in primary care ED. Especially recording of symptomatic diagnoses and alcohol abuse-related diagnoses increased.

Background: Some 20% of patients with stable Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) might have heart failure (HF). HF contribution to acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD) presenting to the emergency department (ED) is not well established. Aims: To assess (1) the HF incidence in patients presenting to the ED with AECOPD; (2) the concordance between ED and respiratory ward (RW) diagnosis; (3) the factors associated with risk of death after hospital discharge. Methods: Retrospective chart review of 119 COPD patients presenting to ED for acute exacerbation of respiratory symptoms and then admitted to RW where a final diagnosis of AECOPD, AECOPD and HF and AECOPD and OD (other diagnosis), was obtained. ED and RW diagnosis were then compared. Factors affecting survival at follow-up were investigated. Results: At RW, 40.3% of cases were diagnosed of AECOPD, 40.3% of AECOPD and HF and 19.4% of AECOPD and OD, with ED diagnosis coinciding with RW’s in 67%, 23%, and 57% of cases respectively. At RW, 60% of patients in GOLD1 had HF, of which 43% were diagnosed at ED, while 40% in GOLD4 had HF that was never diagnosed at ED. Lack of inclusion in a COPD care program, HF, and early readmission for AECOPD were associated with mortality. Conclusions: HF is highly prevalent and difficult to diagnose in patients in all GOLD stages presenting to the ED with severe AECOPD, and along with lack of inclusion in a COPD care program, confers a high risk for mortality.

Overcrowding in the emergency departments (ED) is a significant issue associated with increased morbidity and mortality rates as well as decreased patient satisfaction. Length of stay (LOS) is both a cause and a result of overcrowding. In Israel, as there are few emergency medicine (EM) physicians, the ED team is supplemented with doctors from specialties including internal medicine, general surgery, orthopedics etc. Here we compare ED length of stay (ED-LOS), treatment time and decision time between EM physicians, internists and general surgeons.A retrospective cohort study was conducted examining the Emergency Department length of stay (ED-LOS) for all adult patients attending Sheba Medical Center ED, Israel, between January 1st, and December 31st, 2014. Using electronic medical records, data was gathered on patient age, sex, primary ED physician, diagnosis, eventual disposition, treatment time and disposition decision time. The primary outcome variable was ED-LOS relative to case physician specialty and level (ED, internal medicine or surgery; specialist or resident). Secondary analysis was conducted on time to treatment/ decision as well as ED-LOS relative to patient classification variables (internal medicine vs surgical diagnosis). Specialists were compared to specialists and residents to residents for all outcomes.Residents and specialists in either EM, internal medicine or general surgery attended 57,486 (51.50%) of 111,630 visits to Sheba Hospital's general ED. Mean ED-LOS was 4.12 ± 3.18 hours. Mean treatment time and decision time were 1.79 ± 1.82 hours, 2.84 ± 2.17 hours respectively. Amongst specialists, ED-LOS was shorter for EM physicians than for internal medicine physicians (mean difference 0.28 hours, 95% CI 0.14–0.43) and general surgeons (mean difference 0.63 hours, 95% CI 0.43–0.83). There was no statistical significance between residents when comparing outcomes.Increasing the number of EM specialists in the ED may support efforts to decrease ED-LOS, overcrowding and medical errors whilst increasing patient satisfaction and outcomes.

Background:The purpose of syndromic surveillance is early detection of a disease outbreak. Such systems rely on the earliest data, usually chief complaint. The growing use of electronic medical records (EMR) raises the possibility that other data, such as emergency department (ED) diagnosis, may provide more specific information without significant delay, and might be more effective in detecting outbreaks if mechanisms are in place to monitor and report these data.Objective:The purpose of this study is to characterize the added value of the primary ICD-9 diagnosis assigned at the time of ED disposition compared to the chief complaint for patients with influenza-like illness (ILI).Methods:The study was a retrospective analysis of the EMR of a single urban, academic ED with an annual census of over 60, 000 patients per year from June 2005 through May 2006. We evaluate the objective in two ways. First, we characterize the proportion of patients whose ED diagnosis is inconsistent with their chief complaint and the variation by complaint. Second, by comparing time series and applying syndromic detection algorithms, we determine which complaints and diagnoses are the best indicators for the start of the influenza season when compared to the Centers for Disease Control regional data for Influenza-Like Illness for the 2005 to 2006 influenza season using three syndromic surveillance algorithms: univariate cumulative sum (CUSUM), exponentially weighted CUSUM, and multivariate CUSUM.Results:In the first analysis, 29% of patients had a different diagnosis at the time of disposition than suggested by their chief complaint. In the second analysis, complaints and diagnoses consistent with pneumonia, viral illness and upper respiratory infection were together found to be good indicators of the start of the influenza season based on temporal comparison with regional data. In all examples, the diagnosis data outperformed the chief-complaint data.Conclusion:Both analyses suggest the ED diagnosis contains useful information for detection of ILI. Where an EMR is available, the short time lag between complaint and diagnosis may be a price worth paying for additional information despite the brief potential delay in detection, especially considering that detection usually occurs over days rather than hours.