Abstract

The government context that serves as a backdrop to energy policy-making at the turn of the millennium is characterised by trends towards deregulation of the electricity markets and increasing awareness of'sustainable development goals. Both trends are affecting nuclear energy and its fuel cycle, offering new opportunities and raising new challenges for the future. Industrial practices and research and development programmes supported by governments and/or industry are responding to evolving market and social requirements. Ongoing R&D programmes in the field of nuclear reactors and the fuel cycle are contributing to the enhancement of the technical, safety and economic performance of nuclear systems in operation and under development. Scientific and technological progress follow either evolutionary or innovative routes, but always aim at improving overall efficiency throughout the nuclear energy chain.

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