Abstract
This chapter elucidates the means by which ionizing radiation is detected and measured. Instrument performance is quantified by specifications such as efficiency, dead time, and energy resolution. The gas counters consist of ionization chambers, proportional counters, and the Geiger-Mueller detector. Neutrons are detected by selecting reactions appropriate to the neutron energy within sensors such as fission chambers and He-3 probes. Specialized scintillator materials emit a flash of light when particular ionizing radiations strike the material. Thermoluminescent materials are commonly used in personnel dosimetry. Spectroscopy applications for radionuclide identification and quantification typically employ solid-state detectors. The probabilistic nature of radioactive decay requires applying statistics in radiation counting. Radiation detectors are deployed to assist in intercepting illicit nuclear material shipments and diversions.
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