Abstract

<p style="text-align:justify">Learning models that can improve critical thinking, skills collaborate, communicate, and creative thinking are needed in the 21st-century education era. Critical and creative thinking are the two essential competencies of the four skills required in the 21st century. However, both are still difficult to achieve well by students due to a lack of thinking skills during mathematics learning. This study was conducted to determine the model of learning that is appropriate to develop students' critical and creative thinking skills. The study used three-class samples from eighth grade. The first class is given the problem-posing lesson; the second class is given contextual learning and third class as a control class. The results of the study indicate that improving students' critical and creative thinking skills are included in the moderate category for types using contextual learning and problem-posing. Also, it is found that contextual learning is more effective for improving critical thinking skills when compared with learning problem posing and expository learning. Meanwhile, learning problem posing is more useful to enhance creative thinking skills compared with contextual and expository learning.</p>

Highlights

  • Critical and creative thinking are very important for students in school and life going forward

  • The results of the study indicate that improving students' critical and creative thinking skills are included in the moderate category for types using contextual learning and problem-posing

  • Results of the 2015 TIMSS Review show Indonesian students are still weak in the content and cognitive domains of mathematics

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Summary

Introduction

Critical and creative thinking are very important for students in school and life going forward. Thinking skills of this are necessary to face the 21st century (Sanabria, & Aramburo-Lizarraga, 2017; Koetzsch, 1997), as the objective of mathematics learning (Pieronkiewicz, 2015), analyzing problems and synthesizing (McCormick et al, 2015), make decisions and make judgments (Paul & Elder, 2007). Critical thinking skills in mathematics learning can be developed by exposing students to new and contradictory problems so that they construct their thoughts to find the truth and apparent reason (English & Kirshner, 2015)

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