Abstract
The review concentrates on HEOS-2 spacecraft results in two main areas: 1. (1) Solar protons penetrating the magnetosphere: The picture emerging from earlier spacecraft and groundbased measurements is summarized in the light of proton trajectory computations and the theories of direct and diffusive proton entry to the polar caps. The direct in situ measurements made available through the unique positioning of HEOS-2 in the polar magnetosphere are described. 2. (2) The magnetopause electron layer: The HEOS-2 spacecraft has discovered an essentially permanent layer of energetic and relativistic electrons at the polar magnetopause. The properties of this layer and its response to geomagnetic and interplanetary conditions are described.
Published Version
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