Abstract
Increasingly, the Turing test—which is used to show that artificial intelligence has achieved human-level intelligence—is being regarded as an insufficient indicator of human-level intelligence. This essay extends arguments that embodied intelligence is required for human-level intelligence, and proposes a more suitable test for determining human-level intelligence: the invention of team sports by humanoid robots. The test is preferred because team sport activity is easily identified, uniquely human, and is suggested to emerge in basic, controllable conditions. To expect humanoid robots to self-organize, or invent, team sport as a function of human-level artificial intelligence, the following necessary conditions are proposed: humanoid robots must have the capacity to participate in cooperative-competitive interactions, instilled by algorithms for resource acquisition; they must possess or acquire sufficient stores of energetic resources that permit leisure time, thus reducing competition for scarce resources and increasing cooperative tendencies; and they must possess a heterogeneous range of energetic capacities. When present, these factors allow robot collectives to spontaneously invent team sport activities and thereby demonstrate one fundamental indicator of human-level intelligence.
Highlights
“The singularity is near: when humans transcend biology” [1], Ray Kurzweil predicts that human-level artificial intelligence will be achieved roughly in the year 2029
We consider the swarm and social components of humanoid robot intelligence, and identify a threshold level of complex behavior by which we may confidently declare that robots have achieved human-level swarm and social intelligence: the emergence, or invention, of team sport
Since human intelligence includes a predisposition to invent soccer, not just to play it, it is the invention of soccer, or its spontaneous self-organization, that is a critical test for robot intelligence
Summary
“The singularity is near: when humans transcend biology” [1], Ray Kurzweil predicts that human-level artificial intelligence will be achieved roughly in the year 2029. That embodied humanoid robot intelligence is the appropriate analog of human-level artificial intelligence, and not merely computer computational power activated to solve abstract problems in the absence of a functional body. In response to this view, Kurzweil says [1] Contrary to Kurzweil’s argument, it is not enough evenfor humanoid robots to attain sufficient intelligence and the sensorimotor capacity required to engage in human-like physical activities, such as to play a team-sport like soccer It would be self-evident that humanoid robots playing soccer at human levels would possess sufficient computational power for many of the high-capacity sensorimotor functions that are indicated by Moravec’s paradox. Similar tests may be proposed requiring a variety of self-organized, human-like social and economic activities, or certain biological dynamics such as evolutionary processes [11]
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