Wheel over point mathematical model

Large container ships can only be berthed in hub ports with deep water, which requires a feeder ship service to transit and transport containers from the hub ports. This paper presents a feeder routing optimisation method for container ships through an intelligent Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS). ECDIS has been adopted to design routes and calculate the estimated time of arrival in two ports, and a mixed integer programming model is established for container vessel regional transportation where the shortest ship sailing time is designated as the objective function. In this paper, through using heuristic tour-route coding, the solution of the model based on genetic algorithms is presented to select ship capacities and routes simultaneously. Taking the Pearl River in China as an example, for different types of vessel capacity, vessel costs and fuel costs, 100 TEU and 150 TEU ship capacities with six optimal routes are selected to minimise sailing time and operating costs.

USING ELECTRONIC CHART DISPLAY AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS (ECDIS) WITH DYNAMIC POSITIONING (DP) DP BACKGROUND Specialised requirements of the offshore oil industry has been a prime catalyst in the development of new technologies and control systems for vessels. Dynamic Positioning (DP) systems, originally developed for specialised navy recovery vessels, were quickly adopted on drilling ships, followed by diving support and offshore production vessels. Today, DP systems are common on many vessels serving the oil industry. DP systems added a new dimension to vessel navigation. DP maintained a vessel stationary at sea when anchors could not be used because of water depth or because of fear of damage to installations on the sea bed. This ability to main station requires that the navigator on the vessel must have detailed information relating to the vessels position in a limited area geographically. Relative information on the vessel's position is more important than a true geographic position fix. On many DP vessels these requirements were adequately met by I single user' reference systems such as hydroacoustic, range - bearing and taut wire systems, systems which are of virtually no use for normal transit navigation of the vessel at sea. The ability to determine the vessel's geographical position at sea has been revolutionised by the commercial availability of GPS receivers. While the accuracy of a position fix from a GPS is not good enough for most offshore applications it is a back up system used on many offshore vessels and has introduced the possibility of easily relatinggeographical and local single user position information. THE ADVENT OF ECDIS The paper chart has been a fundamental navigational tool for the last century, but today the limitations of this classic approach can be overcome by using new technology, GPS and Electronic Chart Display and Information Systems - ECDrs. Digi tal technology has not only changed the production of paper charts but enabled the charts tobe presented on a video display unit. Wi thin the shippingindustry, ECDIS is seen to be a major aid to navigational safety. ECDIS systems are understood by many as a replacement of the traditional paper charts used on board a vessel. They are in fact much more than this. They are as much a navigator's work station as they are an information and chart display system. Furthermore ECDIS also adds a new dimension to navigational safety. ECDIS as defined by IMO's Provisional Performance Standards, is not simply an authorised electronic chart on which vessel position is displayed in real time, but has a combination of anti-grounding and collision avoidance features not previously available on board. Furthermore by integrating both navigation, radar and steering, ECDIS will be the navigators work station of the future. DP REGULATIONS The regulatory authorities are specific in their requirements relating to both DP and ECDIS systems. Rules and regulations for DP vessels are related to system failure and the consequences of a vessel drifting off station.

Before carrying out sailing activities as a navigator on a ship, the thing you must prepare is, prepare everything related to the cruise plan. This aims to minimize the occurrence of accidents on ships when sailing. Making passage plans is usually made using paper maps, but this is a long and inefficient method to do. So, with current technological advances, several systems and tools have been created to make it easier to create passage plans, namely digital maps or better known as Electronic Charts. Electronic Chart Display and Information Systems (ECDIS) is a tool whose function and system can provide information about navigation and whose use is to back up existing equipment, so that it can be accepted and considered to meet the requirements determined by the 1974 SOLAS convention & its amendments. Electronic Chart Display and Information Systems (ECDIS) is an integration of various navigation tools, namely Global Positioning System (GPS), Radio Direction and Ranging (RADAR), Automatic Identification System (AIS), Echo Sounder and Gyro Compass. Starting from this awareness that there are many advantages in operating ECDIS on ships, we should realize that using ECDIS to make shipping plans (Passage Planning) can help lighten the burden on officers on board ships in designing a good and safe shipping route. The impact of making a passage plan that is inaccurate/not rechecked on the nautical chart that is generated as input to ECDIS and causes accidents when the ship is navigating.

For an electronic chart display and information system (ECDIS), the most important function is the route design. In this paper, a novel approach to developing ECDIS was given and then an effective method was proposed for route design and automatic check. The mathematical model and logical relationship for coordinate transformation were also provided. They were adopted in ECDIS developing, which was based on the research of the Vxworks real-time operating system. The actual system application implies that the method is practical and can help navigation very well.

This paper presents the results of research on the fusion of tracking radar and an Automatic Identification System (AIS) in an Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS). First, the concept of these systems according to the International Maritime Organization (IMO) is described, then a set of theoretical information on radar tracking and the fusion method itself is given and finally numerical results with real data are presented. Two methods of fusion, together with their parameters, are examined. A proposal for calculating the covariance matrix for radar and AIS data is also given, and the paper ends with conclusions.

In order to solve the problem of ship route planning in the autonomous navigation and decision-making of ships, based on the electronic chart display and information system (ECDIS), the meteorological conditions of ocean-going ships were analyzed and the grid method was used to establish an environmental model. The voyage time, fuel consumption and navigation safety were taken as optimization goals, and a multi-objective ship route optimization model was established, then the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm with elite strategy (NSGA-II) was applied in the optimization route searching to realize the solution of the optimal ship route.

The obligated implementation of the Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS) began ten years ago, and during this time, we could observe different types of familiarization with the system through its users. The incorrect use of the ECDIS is a problem recognized by the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO), and it is caused by disparate levels of education and the quality of courses. Another aspect of the recognized problem is the unequal length of the ECDIS specific course training period through which users acquire type-specific familiarization with the system. Switching between different types of ECDISs makes users more prone to errors until they become fully familiar with the new product system. This paper analyzes seafarers’ knowledge and ECDIS usage over a 6-year period. Based on obtained data, models that enable risk analysis based on conditional probability were created. This paper presents the use of Bayesian modeling to reduce errors in maritime accidents caused by inadequate use of the ECDIS.

An accident that may occur during maritime transport has substantially tangible, intangible, and environmental consequences. Approximately 85% of accidents at sea depend on human and communication factors. Therefore, it is expected to prevent adverse events in advance and to determine the procedures to be followed with simulator trainings before navigation at sea. National and international agreements set a standard for seafarers' education programs. The use of the simulator is recommended according to the Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW) for maritime training, which is in accordance with international standards. These training programs should be designed to improve seafarers' ability in order to make accurate decisions, think quickly, and find solutions. Developments in the field of technology have enabled a wide range of simulation applications in electronic devices. The studies have shown that the professional knowledge of students has been increased with simulator-based education in many professions. This article presents a comparison that was made between simulation training and theoretical education. Two hundred surveys were conducted for 100 maritime students who received Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS) simulation training. It is aimed to measure the effect of ECDIS computer simulators on educational efficiency and suggest the use of simulators for the training of maritime students.

In maritime traffic, a route is one or more known tracks along which navigation takes place or there is intention to sail. Meteorological factors are important if the route exceeds the distance of 1500M [1]. Meteorological navigation is the selection of a navigational route in view of meteorological factors and control of vessel during heavy weather conditions and safe navigation aimed at the protection of human lives, vessels and cargo during heavy weather. The paper proposes a model of grouping and evaluating estimates of meteorological factors when planning meteorological navigation. It is advised to upgrade the Electronic Chart Display and Information System – ECDIS program with the aim of allowing for the computer planning of meteorological navigation. KEY WORDS: planning of navigation, meteorology, optimal route, Electronic Chart Display and Information System - ECDIS

By the amendment adopted at MSC 86, ECDIS (Electronic Chart Display and Information System) has become mandatory for most ships from 2012. Every deck officer must be familiar with the operation of ECDIS. According to the STCW amendment, Training requirements, both in the use of ECDIS, in general and the specific models onboard, are increasing. Basically, every maritime education training institute will offer ECDIS training with simulators. Training statistics in China are shown in this paper. With the emergence of new concepts and situations, ECDIS training faces different challenges from the training results, new technology, new content and maritime cybersecurity, such as 3D ECDIS, ECDIS modernization, VR technology, and COC (Certificate of Competency) revalidation. This paper assesses the general situation of Maritime Education and Training (MET) in China, especially the ECDIS simulator training. Traditional applications of ECDIS are listed including AIS, VTS, anti-collision, pilotage and ship management. To handle these challenges, this paper presents the countermeasures respectively. The concept “MET collaboration/union” and “MET Cloud” are proposed for the first time. At the same time, this paper suggests all MET institutions should use the unified ECDIS training textbook and keep it updated to meet the challenges. The measures of cybersecurity free are also mentioned, including referring to relevant international and industry standards and best practices. Totally, the final aim is to improve and enhance the outcomes of ECDIS training for safe and efficient navigation on board.

Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS) training is accepted as extremely important for safety in modern navigation. At present, two types of training are required for deck officers. Operational use of ECDIS is mandatory training for deck officers and it is conducted according to the International Maritime Organization (IMO) Model course 1.27. This course provides general knowledge about ECDIS. Type specific training is indispensable for the officers to know all the capabilities, functions, and limitations of the ECDIS used onboard. The lack of regulations for this type of training allows the manufacturers of ECDIS to apply their own requirements. This can result in improper and insufficient training. Based on research of the opinion and experience of deck officers, the authors of the paper propose a model of a standard for type specific training.

The Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS) has been defined by the International Maritime Organization (IMO), in cooperation with the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO), as a new, world-wide standardized navigation system. It is based on an object-structured vector data base, allowing GIS functionality. The structure of ECDIS is explained, and it is shown how ECDIS, linked to GPS/DGPS positioning, boosts integration of navigational bridge functions. An overview of the standards developed for ECDIS is given and their rationale explained. In particular, the requirements of precise navigation result in the need for high accuracy surveys and a demand for using a single, unified horizontal datum for unique geographic reference. Likewise, a harmonization of vertical Chart Datums is needed. Some problems resulting from this are discussed.

The Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS) with adequate back-up arrangements has become one of the most useful navigational equipment since ECDIS was accepted as complying with the paper charts required by the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) 1974, as amended. When a ship is approaching a dangerous situation, ECDIS serves as an appropriate alarm to warn the watch officer to prevent marine accidents on the ship’s bridge. However, it has been reported that watch officers who believe that frequent mechanical alarms are causing fatigue and interfering with the watchkeeping are ignoring or turning off the alarm. Alarms are used in a situation requiring attention. In this context, the study examined the advantages and disadvantages of the abstract sound, the auditory icon, and the voice output as an audible alert to watch officers who are in a complicated situation to focus on. In addition, watch officers’ response time was measured according to the alarm types. As result, a new type of alarm set that combines the abstract sound that gains more attention and the speech output that directly expresses information concerned is proposed for the improved ECDIS audible alert recognition by navigation officers. Additionally, amendments to the relevant ECDIS performance standards were also proposed.

Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS) and Automatic Radar Plotting Aid (ARPA) have become critical components in modern maritime navigation, contributing significantly to situational awareness, collision avoidance, and voyage planning. Despite their importance, the effectiveness of these navigational technologies depends largely on the competence of watchkeepers, the integration of system functions, and operational conditions on board. This study aims to analyze how the integration of ECDIS and ARPA enhances navigational awareness aboard KMP Jatra III, a Ro-Ro passenger vessel operating in Indonesian waters. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, data were collected through interviews, onboard observations, and documentation of navigational operations. The findings indicate that the integration of ECDIS and ARPA improves decision-making by providing real-time positional accuracy, automated radar target tracking, optimized route monitoring, and early detection of collision risks through Closest Point of Approach (CPA)/Time to CPA (TCPA). However, challenges such as screen saturation, overreliance on automation, environmental interference, and limited crew proficiency reduce the overall effectiveness of the integrated system. The study concludes that while ECDIS–ARPA integration significantly enhances navigational awareness, optimal outcomes can only be achieved through continuous training, strict adherence to STCW watchkeeping standards, and reinforcement of bridge resource management (BRM) principles.

In recent years, the rapidly growing demand for merchant navy seagoing vessels and thus is necessary to improve marine vessels’ navigation systems - using the additional and new possibilities to make them more effective and safer to use. One of the navigation systems, without which modern maritime navigation is impossible, is the electronic chart display and information system (ECDIS). However, for obtaining proven information is very important to provide the ECDIS system with the latest information and data available to improve proofing processes and make them even faster. With the development of the electronic chart system, the requirements for collecting information, its speed, accuracy and expenses are also increasing. It is necessary to evaluate the existing principles of making correction and drawbacks of using them for trying to obtain information in real time. The doctoral thesis consists of four chapters; the first chapter define main tasks and problems of electronic chart correction, as well as the analysis of existing cartographic data acquisition systems. As a result, arguments have been put forward to establish new system in this area, based on utilization of remotely piloted aerial vehicles (RPVs). In the course of the research, the mathematical model of the optimal flight routing procedure was developed for electronic chart’s data correction acquisition. During research general concept and algorithm of the cartographic information collection system (CICS) with remotely piloted aerial vehicles complex was developed. Based on the results, CICS realization was implemented in the promotion work and represented in the fourth chapter. Based on the practical results obtained in the study process, it has been proven that the developed cartographic information collection system, after professional implementation, will provide the possibility to make corrections at electronic chart in real time.