Abstract
Plants are in a constant evolutionary arms race with their pathogens. At the molecular level, the plant nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) family has coevolved with rapidly evolving pathogen effectors. While many NLRs utilize variable leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) to detect effectors, some have gained integrated domains (IDs) that may be involved in receptor activation or downstream signaling. The major objectives of this project were to identify NLR genes in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and assess IDs associated with immune signaling (e.g., kinase and transcription factor domains). We identified 2,151 NLR-like genes in wheat, of which 1,298 formed 547 gene clusters. Among the non-toll/interleukin-1 receptor NLR (non-TNL)-like genes, 1,552 encode LRRs, 802 are coiled-coil (CC) domain-encoding (CC-NBS-LRR or CNL) genes, and three encode resistance to powdery mildew 8 (RPW8) domains (RPW8-NBS-LRR or RNL). The expansion of the NLR gene family in wheat is attributable to its origin by recent polyploidy events. Gene clusters were likely formed by tandem duplications, and wheat NLR phylogenetic relationships were similar to those in barley and Aegilops. We also identified wheat NLR-ID fusion proteins as candidates for NLR functional diversification, often as kinase and transcription factor domains. Comparative analyses of the IDs revealed evolutionary conservation of more than 80% amino acid sequence similarity. Homology assessment indicates that these domains originated as functional non-NLR-encoding genes that were incorporated into NLR-encoding genes through duplication events. We also found that many of the NLR-ID genes encode alternative transcripts that include or exclude IDs, a phenomenon that seems to be conserved among species. To verify this, we have analyzed the alternative transcripts that include or exclude an ID of an NLR-ID from another monocotyledon species, rice (Oryza sativa). This indicates that plants employ alternative splicing to regulate IDs, possibly using them as baits, decoys, and functional signaling components. Genomic and expression data support the hypothesis that wheat uses alternative splicing to include and exclude IDs from NLR proteins.
Highlights
Plant innate immune systems utilize specialized receptor proteins to detect pathogens (Jones and Dangl, 2006; Duxbury et al, 2016)
We identified 2,151 NB-ARC-encoding genes in the wheat genome, with many encoding additional domains associated with the receptors that detect pathogenic effectors
Clustering of Rgenes in wheat was compared to its progenitors and barley, a close relative, and gene similarities within clusters showed that tandem duplication explains much of the diversification among resistance genes (R-genes)
Summary
Plant innate immune systems utilize specialized receptor proteins to detect pathogens (Jones and Dangl, 2006; Duxbury et al, 2016). Nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptor (NLR) proteins detect pathogen effectors that would otherwise inhibit host resistance responses (Jones et al, 2016). NLRs have radiated to form a diverse family of resistance genes in plants (Shao et al, 2016) Much of this diversity originated via gene duplication and variation in NLR leucine-rich repeats (LRRs), which allows NLRs to bind to new effectors (Deyoung and Innes, 2006). NLRs have diversified by gaining extra domains that may facilitate pathogen recognition or resistance signaling. These domains, called integrated domains (IDs), resulted from fusions of NLRs and other functional domains involved in resistance, as outlined by the integrated decoy/sensor model (Cesari et al, 2014; Wu et al, 2015; Duxbury et al, 2016). Studies of ID diversity across many plant genomes have revealed a diversity of domains associated with potential roles in resistance (Sarris et al, 2016)
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Free) 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
