Abstract
Starting with the fact that school education has failed to become education for critical thinking and that one of the reasons for that could be in how education for critical thinking is conceptualised, this paper presents: (1) an analysis of the predominant approach to education for critical thinking through the implementation of special programs and methods, and (2) an attempt to establish different approaches to education for critical thinking. The overview and analysis of understanding education for developing critical thinking as the implementation of special programs reveal that it is perceived as a decontextualised activity, reduced to practicing individual intellectual skills. Foundations for a different approach, which could be characterised as the ‘education for critical competencies’, are found in ideas of critical pedagogy and open curriculum theory. This approach differs from the predominant approachin terms of how the nature and purpose of critical thinking and education for critical thinking are understood. In the approach of education for critical competencies, it is not sufficient to introduce special programs and methods for the development of critical thinking to the existing educational system. This approach emphasises the need to question and reconstruct the status, role, and power of pupils and teachers in the teaching process, but also in the process of curriculum development.
Highlights
The development of critical thinking through education is frequently discussed as a significant and necessary goal, and a goal that is implied and unquestionable
Schools are still criticised for not teaching pupils how to think, which is supported by professional and scientific debates on the test results of pupils in international assessment studies (e.g. PISA in Serbia, see: Pavlović Babić & Baucal, 2013). Results from these studies show that pupils do not do well in answering the questions that demand more than the mere reproduction of knowledge
As Martin (2005) puts it, even though ideas on the significance of development of critical thinking had a strong impact on discourses in education and education policy, and progressed into a movement for the development of higher-order thinking skills, they did not lead to a real and sufficient change of school education – they did not win the battle with education understood as factual teaching
Summary
Starting with the fact that school education has failed to become education for critical thinking and that one of the reasons for that could be in how education for critical thinking is conceptualised, this paper presents: (1) an analysis of the predominant approach to education for critical thinking through the implementation of special programs and methods, and (2) an attempt to establish different approaches to education for critical thinking. Foundations for a different approach, which could be characterised as the ‘education for critical competencies’, are found in ideas of critical pedagogy and open curriculum theory. This approach differs from the predominant approach in terms of how the nature and purpose of critical thinking and education for critical thinking are understood. In the approach of education for critical competencies, it is not sufficient to introduce special programs and methods for the development of critical thinking to the existing educational system.
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